<p>Linda Vista Community Hospital, originally called the Santa Fe Railroad Hospital and Santa Fe Coast Lines Hospital, is a former hospital at 610-30 South St. Louis Street in Los Angeles, California, United States, in the Boyle Heights neighborhood. The hospital was built for railroad employees and was one of four employee hospitals run by the railroad Santa Fe Employees Hospital Association. The property was purchased for $5,500 and the hospital was constructed at a cost of $147,000.</p><br>
<p>After its closure, the hospital became a popular filming location for horror-themed productions, including films, TV shows, and music videos. It has also become the subject of several paranormal investigations. It is currently senior apartments.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hospital opened to great fanfare in 1904 and even had its own Jersey cows, chickens, and a garden to provide patients with the freshest milk, butter, eggs, poultry and vegetables. This original Moorish-style hospital building designed by Charles Whittlesey, known as the Santa Fe Coast Lines Hospital, was razed and rebuilt in 1924 in the current Mission Revival Style structure. In 1989 it was renamed the Linda Vista Community Hospital.</p><br>
<h3>Decline and closure</h3><br>
<p>By the late 1970s, the railroad hospital association facilities were experiencing declining use, as more railroad workers began to use conventional medical-insurance policies. The area surrounding the hospital also became a less-affluent area and hospital funding was affected.The Santa Fe Railroad sold the 150-bed hospital to a managed healthcare company in 1980. According to a California Health Law News report, when Linda Vista tried to reduce operational expenses in response, the hospital was blamed for an increase in facility death rates. During that time, the hospital was regularly treating a fair number of gunshot wounds and stabbings from the local neighborhoods, which affected its mortality statistics. An increase in uninsured and under-insured patients forced the hospital to close its emergency services department in 1989. The quality of care at Linda Vista Community Hospital continued to decline as doctors moved to other hospitals. In 1991, the hospital ceased operations.</p><br>
<h3>Post-closure</h3><br>
<p>In the decades since its closure, it has become the center of several paranormal investigations; the most notable investigation was initiated by Ghost Adventures, where the crew stayed a full night in the hospital. Since that time, it has been used primarily as a filming location. In January 2006, the hospital was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the 4.2-acre Linda Vista Hospital complex was purchased by AMCAL Multi-Housing Inc. The structures on the historic registry, the main hospital and former nurses dormitory, were renovated into the Linda Vista Senior Apartments and now provide a total of 97 apartments for fixed-income seniors plus a medical facility.</p><br>
<h2>As a filming location</h2><br>
<p>Notable works shot at Linda Vista include the following:</p><br>
<p>To Live and Die in L.A. (1985)</p><br>
<p>In the Line of Fire (1992)</p><br>
<p>Seven (1995)</p><br>
<p>Outbreak (1995)</p><br>
<p>Suicide Kings (1997)</p><br>
<p>L.A. Confidential (1997)</p><br>
<p>Conspiracy Theory (1997)</p><br>
<p>Children of the Corn 666: Isaac&#39;s Return (1999)</p><br>
<p>End of Days (1999)</p><br>
<p>The Cell (2000)</p><br>
<p>Pearl Harbor (2001)</p><br>
<p>The Longest Yard (2005)</p><br>
<p>Boo (2005)</p><br>
<p>Day of the Dead 2: Contagium (2005)</p><br>
<p>Room 6 (2006)</p><br>
<p>The Gene Generation (2007)</p><br>
<p>Deadgirl (2008)</p><br>
<p>Zombie Strippers (2008)</p><br>
<p>The Lords of Salem (2012)</p><br>
<p>Killjoy Goes to Hell (2012)</p><br>
<p>Rift (2012)</p><br>
<p>Insidious Chapter 2 (2013)</p><br>
<p>Insidious: Chapter 3 (2015)</p><br>
<p>The pilot episode of ER</p><br>
<p>Buffy the Vampire Slayer</p><br>
<p>The Travel Channel&#39;s Ghost Adventures</p><br>
<p>Dexter (Season 1, Episode 4: "Let&#39;s Give the Boy a Hand")</p><br>
<p>True Blood (Season 5) in the episode "Let&#39;s Boot and Rally"</p><br>
<p>Criminal Minds (Season 7) in the episode "Heathridge Manor"</p><br>
<p>L.A. 7 (the Art College Bradley works at in the episode "Working"</p><br>
<p>The Duran Duran song "Falling Down"</p><br>
<p>The Fall Out Boy song “Where Did the Party Go”</p><br>
<p>The Garbage song "Bleed Like Me"</p><br>
<p>The Used song "Blood on My Hands"</p><br>
<p>The Avenged Sevenfold song "Nightmare"</p><br>
<p>The In This Moment song "Adrenalize"</p><br>
<p>The Rise Against song "Hero of War"</p><br>
<p>The We Are the In Crowd song "Rumor Mill" on the album Best Intentions</p><br>
<p>The Foo Fighters song "Best of You"</p><br>
<p>The Hollywood Undead song "We Are"</p><br>
<p>The Otep song "Apex Predator"</p><br>
<p>Pemberton Hall is a womens residence hall at Eastern Illinois University, in Charleston, Illinois. Located at the north end of the university campus, at the corner of 4th street and Lincoln Avenue, Pemberton Hall is registered as a historic landmark, due to its status as the oldest womens college residence hall in the state.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of Pemberton Hall was completed in 1909, when Eastern Illinois University (EIU) was still Eastern Illinois State Normal School. The building was named for Illinois state senator Stanton C. Pemberton, who was instrumental in getting funding for the building approved. The four-story building was designed for residency by approximately 100 female students, and included parlors, fireplaces, fourth floor maids quarters, a matrons apartment, and a dining room. A small gymnasium for use by all students also was part of the original building.</p><br>
<p>Although only female students lived in Pemberton Hall, and no students were required to live there, the building served as a center of many social functions for the college in its early years, since the first-floor parlor provided space for parties and meetings.</p><br>
<p>Today, Pemberton Hall has an old section (the portion of the building that dates from 1909) and a new section, built in the early 1960s. With the addition of the new section, Pemberton Hall now can house over 200 students, in single, double, and triple rooms. The former gym is now home to the universitys honors college. The matrons quarters are now the hall counselor&#39;s apartment, the fireplaces are not used because of the risk of setting the nearly 100-year-old woodwork on fire, and the fourth floor is used as a storage attic.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>Pemberton students like to pass on ghost stories concerning the usually-locked fourth floor, and a plaque in the foyer dedicated to the building&#39;s first matron, Mary Hawkins. According to campus legend, a student was raped and murdered by a janitor sometime in the early 1900s, and it was Hawkins who discovered the body. The incident deeply affected her, and she sunk into depression and later committed suicide. Reports of paranormal incidents are said to have begun soon afterwards, and are usually attributed to the ghost of Mary Hawkins, still watching over her students, along with the ghost of the murdered girl.</p><br>
<p>Yukshin Gardan Sar  is a high peak of the Hispar Muztagh, a subrange of the Karakoram range in Pakistan. Its height is also often given as 7,469 m  or 7,641 m . It lies about 15 km  northeast of Khunyang Chhish and 5 km  northwest of Kanjut Sar. It is flanked on the northwest by the Yazghil Glacier and on the northeast by the Yukshin Gardan Glacier; both drain into the Shimshal River.</p><br>
<p>Yukshin Gardan Sar was first climbed in 1984, by a Pakistani-Austrian group, led by Rudolf Wurzer. They ascended via the South Ridge, which they accessed via the Yazghil Glacier on the west side of the peak.</p><br>
<p>The second ascent followed very shortly after the first, on July 23, 1984. A Pakistani-Japanese group that had been on the mountain simultaneously with the first ascent party switched from their unworkable North Ridge route to make an alpine style ascent of the first ascent route on the South Ridge.</p><br>
<p>The third ascent of the peak was in 1986, by a Spanish team comprising Alejandro Arranz, Iñaki Aldaya, Alfredo Zabalza, and Tomás Miguel. They used the same route as the first-ascent party. According to the, there have been no other ascents or attempts on this peak since that time.</p><br>
<p>Tyaughton Lake, also known as Tyax Lake, is a lake in the Bridge River Country of the West-Central Interior of British Columbia, Canada, located to the north of Carpenter Lake, a reservoir along the Bridge River formed by Terzaghi Dam of the Bridge River Power Project. Among the largest of a number of well-known fishing lakes located in valleys flanking the Bridge River, its name is an adaptation of a Chilcotin word meaning "jumping fish". Around its shores is a community of recreational homes, and near its southern end had been an older fishing lodge, the Tyaughton Lake Lodge, while on its northwestern shore is the Tyax Mountain Lake Resort, built in the 1980s, which at the time of construction was the largest log structure built in British Columbia in the 20th Century. Despite the shared name, it is not directly on the course of Tyaughton Creek, but is linked to the lower canyon of that creek by a short intermediary stream. The main road access is from the Gun Creek Forest Service Road from a junction on BC Highway 40  and Gun Creek .</p><br>
<p>Salt Springs Reservoir is a reservoir in the eastern portions of Amador County and Calaveras County of California in the Sierra Nevada about 30 mi east-northeast of Jackson. The reservoir is in the El Dorado National Forest at an elevation of 3,900 ft.</p><br>
<p>The 141,900 acre.foot reservoir is formed by Salt Springs Dam on the North Fork of the Mokelumne River. The concrete-faced rock-fill dam is 332 ft tall and was completed in 1931. It is owned by Pacific Gas and Electric and its sole purpose is hydroelectricity production, though limited recreation is available. A short pipeline from the reservoir conveys water to the 44 MW Salt Springs Powerhouse. Some of the water is returned to the river downstream, but much of it flows into the Tiger Creek Conduit, a concrete flume that moves water downstream for use in other powerhouses in PG&E&#39;s Mokelumne River Project (FERC Project 137).</p><br>
<p>The dam has a history of settlement problems caused by poor consolidation of the rocks during construction. The concrete face has been cracked many times by the movement, causing leaks. The surface of the dam consists of cracks, craters and shotcrete overlays. It was decided to use a flexible geomembrane to cover the portions of the dam with the greatest leakage. The installation of the membrane was completed in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The dam is being examined as the lower pool in a 380-1,140 MW pumped-storage project with the Bear River Dam as the upper pool.</p><br>
<p>Lindum Colonia, was the Roman name for the settlement which is now the City of Lincoln in Lincolnshire. It was founded as a Roman Legionary Fortress during the reign of the Emperor Nero  or possibly later. Evidence from Roman tombstones suggests that Lincoln was first garrisoned by the Ninth Legion, Hispana which probably moved from Lincoln to found the fortress at York around c.71 A.D. Lindum was then garrisoned by the Second Legion Aduitrix, which then went on to Chester in 77-8 A.D.</p><br>
<p>Probably under the reign of Domitian and most likely after 86 A.D., the fortress became a Colonia, a settlement for retired soldiers sanctioned by the Emperor. The Colonia now developed and a second enclosure, often referred to as the ‘‘Lower Colonia’’ was added between the Upper Colonia and the River Witham. Evidence has been uncovered for the Forum, baths, temples, buildings and shops of the Colonia which was enclosed by walls. The walls of the Upper Colonia started to be built in the earlier part of the 2nd century A.D., while the Lower Colonia was walled in either the late 2nd or early 3rd centuries. The Roman settlement also spread to the south of the river Witham in the area known as the Wigford. In the early 3rd century A.D. with the re-organisation of the Roman Empire, a case can be made that Lindum Colonia had become the provincial capital of Britannia Secunda and possibly a Bishop from Lincoln was present at the Council of Arles in 314. In the 4th century A.D. Lincoln continued to develop and there is increasing evidence for Christianity, but in the 5th century, following the departure of the Romans, Lindum declined and was largely deserted.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name is a Latinized form of a native Brittonic name which has been reconstructed as *Lindon ( "pool" or "lake&quot cf. modern Welsh &thinsp;).</p><br>
<p>The primary evidence that modern Lincoln was referred to as Lindum comes from Ptolemy’s Geography which was compiled in about 150 AD, where Lindum is referred to as a polis or town within the tribal area of the Corieltauvi. In the Antonine Itinerary, a road book of the mid-2nd century A.D., Lindum is mentioned three times as Lindo in the Iter or routes numbered V, VI and VIII. Then, in the Ravenna Cosmography, a listing of towns in the Roman Empire compiled in the 7th century AD., Lincoln is referred to as Lindum Colonia. As the Roman colonia for veteran soldiers at Lincoln is thought to have been established during the reign of the Roman Emperoer Domitian (81-96), it has been suggested that the full name of the Colonia would have been Colonia Domitiana Lindensium, but, as yet, there have been no Roman inscriptions found that confirm this.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The Romans conquered this part of Britain in AD 48 and shortly afterwards built a legionary fortress, possibly south of the River Witham. This was soon replaced, around the year 60, by a second fort for the Ninth Legion, high on a hill overlooking the natural lake formed by the widening of the River Witham (the modern day Brayford Pool) and at the northern end of the Fosse Way Roman road. That pool is very likely to have given Lincoln its name.</p><br>
<h3>Development</h3><br>
<p>The Ninth Legion, Hispana was probably moved from Lincoln to found the fortress at York around 71 A.D. Then, after a probable short occupation by the Second Legion, who had moved to Chester by 77-78A.D. the Legionary fort would have been left on a care and maintenance basis. The exact date that it was converted into a colonia is unknown, but a generally favoured date is 86 A.D. This was an important settlement for retired legionaries, established by the emperor Domitian within the walls and using the street grid of the hilltop fortress, with the addition of an extension of about equal area, down the hillside to the waterside below. The town became a major flourishing settlement, accessible from the sea both through the River Trent and through the River Witham. Public buildings, such as the forum with lifesize equestrian statues, basilica, and the public baths, were erected in the 2nd century. The hilltop was largely filled with private homes, but the slopes became the towns commercial centre. They gained stone walls, like the upper region (including the Newport Arch), around 200. There was also an industrial suburb over the river which had pottery production facilities. The town had the best developed sewerage system in the province and a fine octagonal public fountain and part of its aqueduct have been partly uncovered. There were temples dedicated to Apollo and Mercury. On the basis of Lindums size and the patently corrupt list of British bishops who attended the 314 Council of Arles, the city is sometimes considered to have been the capital of the province of Flavia Caesariensis which was formed during the late-3rd century Diocletian Reforms. However, it is now thought more likely that Lincoln would have been the administrative capital of Britannia Secunda and that York was the capital of Flavia Caesariensis.</p><br>
<h3>Decline</h3><br>
<p>The city and its waterways eventually fell into decline, and, by the end of the 5th century, it was virtually deserted. However, the church of St Paul continued as a place of worship until 450 and its churchyard was in use into the 6th century. When Saint Paulinus visited in 629, it was apparently under the control of a Praefectus Civitatis called Blecca.</p><br>
<h2>Planning, infrastructure, trade and religion</h2><br>
<h3>The Roman aqueduct or water supply</h3><br>
<p>Roman Lincoln had a very sophisticated water supply. It was fed by the ‘‘Roaring Meg’’ spring to the North East of the city and then ran parallel with the Nettleham Road towards the N.E corner of the Upper Colonia. The ceramic pipes were encased in concrete that provided a waterproof seal and allowed the water to pass through the pipes under pressure. The course of the aqueduct had been well known from the start of the 18th century. William Stukeley had shown the line of the aqueduct on his plan of Lincoln in 1722. The Lincoln antiquary Thomas Sympson had written in the mid 18th century "There must have been some contrivance for raising the water a good deal above its natural level before it would run to Lindum; the spring being evidently lower than the Town: and indeed there are some traces of a Tower, or some such building at the end of the Aquaeduct by the Spring, which one may suppose would have had a reservoir on its Top." In 1782 the artist Samuel Hieronymus Grimm drew sections of the sheathed pipe and also where it emerged from the ground at the spring. Over the years further lengths of the aqueduct have been uncovered and the base for a watertank fed by the aqueduct discovered just inside the Roman Wall to the east of the Newport Arch. This is just to the north of Cottesford Place, where excavations in the 1960s revealed a probable Roma Bathhouse, which could have been supplied with water from this source. Another pipeline, encased in concrete was found in 1857 by the Greestone Stairs, to the east of the wall, and this pipeline had presumably branched off from the aqueduct and supplied water to the Lower Colonia. Thompson calculated that it would be necessary to raise the water about 70 feet at the source at the ‘‘Roaring Meg’’ for there to be sufficient pressure for the water to reach the tank at the East Bight by the Newport Arch. This may imply that there was some form of water tower and the Romans may either have used some form of pump to raise the water, or a revolving bucket and chain system.</p><br>
<p>Before 2007 it was questioned whether the Roman aqueduct at Lincoln had ever worked as there was no evidence of limescale in any of the lengths of pipe that had been uncovered. Construction on a housing estate close to the Nettleham showed that there was limescale, indicating that the aqueduct had been in use. This</p><br>
<p>length of the aqueduct had ceramic pipes, joined with collared joints, but other lengths of the aqueduct had pipes which were about 7.5 inches in diameter, narrowing to 4 inches and when laid, the narrow or spigot end of the pipe fitted into the broad or socket end of the next pipe.</p><br>
<h2>Industry</h2><br>
<h3>Pottery production</h3><br>
<p>Lincoln was an important centre for pottery production. The earliest discovery of a pottery kiln was on the site of the Technical College (now Lincoln College) on Monks Road. This kiln produced Mortaria stamped with the maker&#39;s name VITALIS. who was probably working around 90-115 AD. A further discovery was made in 1947 when Graham Webster excavated a kiln site producing gray ware storage jars at Swanpool, to the S.W. of Lincoln. This was followed in 1950 by the excavation of further mortaria kilns found on the Lincoln Racecourse by Phillip Corder. Kilns producing mortaria by a potter called CATTO and also colour painted and rosette decorated pottery are known from South Carlton, to the north of Lincoln.</p><br>
<p>In the 3rd and 4th centuries, Lincolnshire produced a coarse ware ceramic known as Dales ware, which was exported across the north of Roman Britain.</p><br>
<h2>Roman sculpture and tombstones</h2><br>
<p>Union Valley Reservoir is a reservoir in eastern El Dorado County, California, about 20 mi northeast of Placerville. The 277,000 acre.ft lake is in Eldorado National Forest in the Sierra Nevada at an elevation of 4,870 ft.</p><br>
<p>It was formed in 1963 by the 453 ft high earth and rockfill Union Valley Dam on Silver Creek, which is a tributary of the American River. The reservoir is part of the Upper American River Project of the Sacramento Municipal Utility District, a public electric utility, which operates the dam and many other dams in the area. Recreation such as boating, fishing and camping is available there.</p><br>
<p>It stores snow melt runoff during the spring and releases it during the summer when electrical demand is greatest to a chain of hydroelectric power plants downstream. Union Valley Powerhouse at the base of the dam has a capacity of 46.7 MW and is operated as a peaking power plant, supplying electricity during times of the greatest demand. Consumptive rights to the water itself are held by the City of Sacramento, California.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is fed by Big Silver Creek, Jones Fork Silver Creek, Tells Creek, Wench Creek and the outflows of Robbs Peak and Jones Fork powerhouses. Jones Fork Powerhouse is not on Jones Fork Silver Creek but instead conveys water from Ice House Reservoir. Robbs Peak Powerhouse gets its water from the Middle Fork American River headwaters, by way of Loon Lake Reservoir, and small reservoirs on Gerle Creek and South Fork Rubicon River. Downstream from Union Valley Dam, Silver Creek waters are largely diverted through two additional powerhouses below small reservoirs before joining the South Fork American River a few miles north of Pollock Pines, California. Silver Creek was an intermittent creek before the development of Union Valley Reservoir and the diversions from the Middle Fork American River.</p><br>
<p>The Salado River  is a river in northern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. It originates at El Chañar Lake on the border with Santa Fe Province, 40 m above mean sea level, and flows generally southeast for 640 km before debouching into Samborombón Bay, part of the Río de la Plata estuary on the Atlantic Ocean. The Salado&#39;s mouth is about 170 km south of the city of Buenos Aires.</p><br>
<p>The Salado&#39;s drainage basin is about 170,000 km&sup2;, which is over half of the province&#39;s area. The region receives an annual average of 2,000 mm of precipitation, which often causes flooding in the low-lying area. The river flows by the cities of Junín, Roque Pérez, and General Belgrano, as well as a number of wetlands and lakes; channelization of the lower course has improved the drainage of the river&#39;s 88 m3/s. Nearly 1 million people live in the basin.</p><br>
<p>Hydrological studies have been performed in the Salado basin, principally in the Azul, Buenos Aires creek basin by the Instituto de Hidrologia de Llanuras de Azul. Ecological studies have been done by the Ecology group of Facultad de Agronomía de la UNICEN.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century, before the Conquest of the Desert, the Salado River served as frontier boundary between the Spanish colonised lands and those still under control of the indigenous peoples.</p><br>
<p>Because Argentina has another, more important Salado River, in the northern part of the country, this Salado River is sometimes called Salado del Sur ("Southern Salado").</p><br>
<p>Su Nuraxi is a nuragic archaeological site in Barumini, Sardinia, Italy. It was included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997 as Su Nuraxi di Barumini.</p><br>
<p>Su Nuraxi simply means "The Nuraghe" in Campidanese, the southern variant of the Sardinian language.</p><br>
<p>Su Nuraxi is a settlement consisting of a seventeenth century BCE Nuraghe, a bastion of four corner towers plus a central one, and a village inhabited from the thirteenth to the sixth century BCE, developed around the Nuraghe. They are considered by scholars the most impressive expression of the Nuragic civilization and were included in the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Nuraghe</h2><br>
<h3>Structure</h3><br>
<p>The oldest part of the Nuraghe consists of a central tower with three superposed chambers (18.6m high). It was built in blocks of basalt between the seventeenth and thirteenth centuries BCE. Later, during the Late Bronze Age, four towers joined by a curtain wall with an upper balcony (no longer extant) were built around the central tower, all communicating with an inner courtyard served by a well. During the Iron Age, the complex was surrounded by a curtain wall with seven lobes (heptalobate).</p><br>
<h3>Function</h3><br>
<p>The real function of the nuraghe is still debated. The discoverer of Su Nuraxi, the archaeologist Giovanni Lilliu, confirmed the traditional interpretation of fortress-site. Other archaeologists believe that the oldest part of the dolmen was destined for a religious purpose, refuge, civil or even parliament or registered the village chief, while the towers were added perhaps intended for military purposes and stock.</p><br>
<h2>Village</h2><br>
<p>A village, intended to accommodate the surrounding population, was built around the Nuraghe in the Late Bronze Age. The village consisted of about fifty huts, and was built on a circular plan with large boulders covered with dry stone walls and conical roofs made of wood and branches. Though the huts were structured in a single unit in more remote periods, there was a later, more prevalent tendency to subdivide housing into individual units. Of the huts found, the most significant appear to have been reserved for meetings of the local leaders. These huts were larger and more complex in structure, and the hut reserved for the inhabitants&#39; meetings contained symbols of the deities worshiped by locals. Other rooms have been identified as workshops, kitchens, and agricultural processing centres.</p><br>
<p>During the sixth century BCE, the buildings were destroyed and subsequently restored by Carthage before being occupied by the Romans. They were eventually completely abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The nuraghe and the village were strategically connected to the system of other Nuraghes, such as the polylobate nuraghe found beneath the fifteenth-century Palazzo Zapata in the village of Barumini.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeological excavations</h2><br>
<p>The archaeological site was fully excavated between 1950 and 1957 under the direction of Giovanni Lilliu, a local expert. The excavations allowed archaeologists to retrace the different stages of the construction of the towers and surrounding village, confirming that the entire complex was a vibrant, vital centre up to the first century BCE, during the Roman period.</p><br>
<p>Excavations brought to light important remains in the form of tools, weapons, pottery, and ornaments.</p><br>
<p>This site is essential to an understanding of the timeline of Sardinian civilization: "The relative chronology of Sardinian prehistory is largely based on the first modern excavation of a nuraghe at Su Nuraxi, Barumini. Giovanni Lilliu used a combination of structural phases and pottery typology to construct a general Nuragic sequence."</p><br>
<p>There is another important nuragic site at nearby Casa Zapata, the important finds of which are on display at the site&#39;s museum.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Giovanni Lilliu and Raimondo Zucca, Su Nuraxi di Barumini. Sassari, Carlo Delfino, 2001.</p><br>
<p>The Rose Hotel is a historic site owned by the USA state of Illinois. It is located in Elizabethtown, Illinois, on the banks of the Ohio River. The oldest wing of the hotel was built in 1812 by James McFarland. In 1813, he secured a license and files bond to assure legal and proper operation of his establishment. The license also set charges that McFarland might have charged.</p><br>
<p>Breakfast, Dinner, and Supper - 25 cents</p><br>
<p>Lodging - 12½ cents</p><br>
<p>Oats or Corn per gallon - 12½ cents</p><br>
<p>a half pint of whiskey - 12½ cents</p><br>
<p>Small beer, one quart - 12½ cents</p><br>
<p>These price points reflect the currency regime of the very early United States; the new country had not yet minted a substantial amount of currency on its own account, and the United States dollar was more of a unit of account than an actual piece of money. The typical unit of money in actual use was the bit, equivalent to one Spanish real or 12½ USA cents.</p><br>
<p>In addition to sheltering travelers, early day taverns served as community centers and post office. The guests coming from distant brought news, and the local gentry gathered to hear. Men met to discuss questions of interest; some came for a few social drinks.</p><br>
<p>The earliest portion of the Rose Hotel was built in 1812; an east addition was constructed in 1848; and a rear addition in 1865. A sample room or display room was erected in 1891 at the rear of the hotel with just a passageway between the two buildings. Salesmen or drummers as they were commonly called displayed their wares to buyers who came to town. In 1882, shortly before his death, James Jr. built the summerhouse on the bluff in front of the hotel. The building of the two-story veranda was in 1866. The two-story building was constructed of brick supported on rubble sandstone basement walls and foundation.</p><br>
<p>A tall and stately monument with the name and dates of the family stood in the hotel yard until the death of the last children: B.P. Cap-Mac or Uncle Cap as he was commonly called. At the time of his death the monument was moved, with the permission of Mrs. Rose, to the old cemetery on the hill in back of the First Methodist church. The Stone is said to mark the grave of B.P. McFarland, but neither his name nor dates appear there. The graves of the people named on the monuments are still in the hotel yard.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, Sarah Rose Baker, a widow woman who had worked at the hotel for 7 years, Mrs. Rose purchased the hotel from the McFarland family. The Rose Hotel passed to daughter Charlotte Rose Gullet upon Sarah Rose&#39;s death in 1939 and remained in the Gullet family, until the state of Illinois purchased the property in 1988, and then in 1999 thru 2000, a 1.6 million dollar restoration. The hotel was preserved and open again for business. The Rose Hotel is probably the last of a once noted line of River hotelries.</p><br>
<p>The hotel is currently leased by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency to a private-sector operator, Sandy Vinyard, who maintains the structure as a bed and breakfast. The exterior is restored to its 1889 appearance.</p><br>
<h2>Frontier taverns</h2><br>
<p>The American frontier lacked an adequate infrastructure for the shelter and hospitality of travelers. Many states and territories, including Illinois, tried to deal with this problem by merging the right to sell whiskey by the drink with the duty to provide beds for travelers.</p><br>
<p>A frontier establishment that sold whiskey by the drink and provided lodging services was called a tavern. The oldest wing of the Rose Hotel was operated as a frontier Ohio River tavern in the 1830s. It is believed to have been built by James McFarland (1776-1837), and was known as the McFarland Tavern or McFarlan Tavern.</p><br>
<p>The Elizabethtown tavern was aimed at river flatboats and light cargo vessels passing up and down the Ohio River. Prior to the invention of the railroad, rivers like the Ohio were the primary routes for the transportation of mixed and package freight throughout the North American interior.</p><br>
<p>Black Moshannon Creek is a 22.9 mi tributary of Moshannon Creek in Centre County, Pennsylvania in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The name Moshannon is said to be derived from the Native American "Moss-Hanne," meaning "moose stream." However, as recognized by Gertler, the North American moose was not native to central Pennsylvania. More likely, the name means "elk stream" from the Lenape word Mos&#39;hanna&#39;unk, which means "elk river place." See Handbook of tribal names of Pennsylvania, together with signification of Indian words ; also A History of Great Council of Pennsylvania with articles pertaining to the Improved Order of Red Men by Donnalley, Thomas K. Published 1908, page 40.</p><br>
<p>Historically, Black Moshannon Creek was also known as "Little Moshannon Creek."</p><br>
<p>Black Moshannon Creek is born atop the Allegheny Plateau from clear springs and small streams which flow through bogs that form the watershed for 250 acre Black Moshannon Lake in Black Moshannon State Park. From the lake, the creek drops off the plateau and joins Moshannon Creek 17.8 mi later, downstream of the community of Moshannon.</p><br>
<p>At higher water levels, the stream is a solid Class III whitewater run.</p><br>
<p>Moshannon Creek is a 57.4 mi tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Centre County, Pennsylvania in the United States. Throughout its length, it serves as the boundary between Centre and Clearfield counties.</p><br>
<p>The name Moshannon is said to be derived from the Native American "Moss-Hanne," meaning "moose stream." However, as recognized by Gertler, the North American moose was not native to central Pennsylvania. More likely, the name means "elk stream" from the Lenape word Moshannaunk, which means "elk river place." See Handbook of tribal names of Pennsylvania, together with signification of Indian words; also A History of Great Council of Pennsylvania with articles pertaining to the Improved Order of Red Men by Donnalley, Thomas K. Published 1908, page 40.</p><br>
<p>Moshannon Creek, commonly called the Red Moshannon or Red Mo, is noted for its reddish-orange rocks, banks and water caused by an iron compound that precipitates out of the acidic waters that seep into the stream from numerous old coal and clay mines in the basin.</p><br>
<p>While the acidity is a detriment to fish, wild cranberry appear to thrive in the environment.</p><br>
<p>The name Red Mo is also used to distinguish it from the smaller tributary Black Moshannon Creek which joins the Red where PA Route 53 crosses the creek.</p><br>
<p>The Red Moshannon is the site of an annual canoe and kayak race known as the Red Moshannon Downriver Race which has been held on the last Saturday in March since 1967. The race course covers approximately 7 mi from the Peale bridge near the town of Grassflat to the Rt. 53 bridge and includes several class 1 and class 2 whitewater sections. The course record is 39 minutes, 29 seconds, set in 1993 by Brad Nelson.</p><br>
<p>Moshannon Creek joins the West Branch Susquehanna River, opposite an area known as Miller&#39;s Landing, approximately 3.4 miles (5.5 km) upstream of Karthaus.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>Ames Run</p><br>
<p>Sevenmile Run</p><br>
<p>Black Moshannon Creek</p><br>
<p>Crawford Run</p><br>
<p>Weber Run</p><br>
<p>Browns Run</p><br>
<p>Laurel Run</p><br>
<p>Potter Run</p><br>
<p>Tark Hill Run</p><br>
<p>Sixmile Run</p><br>
<p>Black Bear Run</p><br>
<p>Sulphur Run</p><br>
<p>Hawk Run</p><br>
<p>Onemile Run</p><br>
<p>Emigh Run</p><br>
<p>Cold Stream</p><br>
<p>Laurel Run</p><br>
<p>Big Run</p><br>
<p>Shimel Run</p><br>
<p>Beaver Run</p><br>
<p>Bear Run</p><br>
<p>Mountain Branch</p><br>
<p>Whiteside Run</p><br>
<p>Roup Run</p><br>
<p>Wilson Run</p><br>
<p>Heart Mountain is an 8,123-foot  klippe just north of Cody in the USA state of Wyoming, rising from the floor of the Bighorn Basin. The mountain is composed of limestone and dolomite of Ordovician through Mississippian age , but it rests on the Willwood Formation, rocks that are about 55 million years old—rock on the summit of Heart Mountain is thus almost 300 million years older than the rocks at the base. For over one hundred years, geologists have tried to understand how these older rocks came to rest on much younger strata.</p><br>
<p>The carbonate rocks that form Heart Mountain were deposited on a basement of ancient (more than 2.5 billion years old) granite when the area was covered by a large shallow tropical sea. Up until 50 million years ago, these rocks lay about 25 miles (40 kilometers) to the northwest, where the eastern Absaroka Range now stands.</p><br>
<p>Between 75 and 50 million years ago, a period of mountain-building called the Laramide Orogeny caused uplift of the Beartooth Range and subsidence of the Bighorn and Absaroka Basins. Just south of the Beartooth Range, this orogeny uplifted an elongate, somewhat lower plateau which sloped gently to the southeast toward the Bighorn Basin and to the south toward the Absaroka Basin. Immediately following this period of mountain-building, volcanic eruptions began to form the now extinct volcanoes of the Absaroka Range that lie to the south of the Beartooths and extend into Yellowstone National Park. Between 50 and 48 million years ago a sheet of rock about 500 square miles (1,300 square kilometers) in area detached from the plateau south of the Beartooths and slid tens of kilometers to the southeast and south into the Bighorn and Absaroka Basins. This sheet, consisting of Ordovician through Mississippian carbonate rocks and overlying Absaroka volcanic rocks, was probably originally about 4–5 kilometers thick. Although the slope was less than 2 degrees, the front of the landslide traveled at least 25 miles (40 km) and the slide mass ended up covering over 1,300 square miles (&gt;3,400 km²). This is by far the largest rockslide known on land on the surface of the earth and is comparable in scale to some of the largest known submarine landslides.</p><br>
<p>Many models have been proposed to explain what caused this huge slab of rocks to start sliding and what allowed it to slide so far on such a low slope, fragmenting, thinning and extending as it went. Most geologists who have worked in the area agree that Absaroka volcanism played a role in the sliding and many suggest that a major volcanic or steam explosion initiated movement. Another model involves injection of numerous igneous dikes with the resulting heating of water within pores in rocks causing an increase in pressure which initiated sliding. Some geologists have suggested that hot pressurized water (hydrothermal fluids), derived from a volcano which sat north of Cooke City, Montana, effectively lubricated the sliding surface. Another possibility is that once the slide was moving, friction heated the limestone along the sliding surface, creating pseudotachylite, The gas supported the slide in the way that air pressure supports a hovercraft, allowing the slide to move easily down the very low slope. When the rockslide stopped, the carbon dioxide cooled and recombined with calcium oxide to form the cement-like carbonate rock now found in the fault zone. The consensus favors catastrophic sliding and calculations suggest that the front of the sliding mass may have advanced at a speed of over 100 miles/hour (160 km/h), meaning that the mountain traveled to its present location in approximately 30 minutes.</p><br>
<p>In the 48 million years since the slide occurred, erosion has removed most of the portion of the slide sheet which moved out into the Bighorn Basin, leaving just one big block of carbonate rocks—Heart Mountain. Farther south, a large block of carbonate rock forms Sheep Mountain, which lies just south of the road that goes from Cody into Yellowstone Park. Some of the best views of the sliding surface, called the Heart Mountain fault, can be found along the Chief Joseph Highway (Wyoming Highway 296). The fault is particularly well exposed in Cathedral Cliffs, where it appears as a remarkably straight and nearly horizontal line just above a 2–3-meter-high cliff.</p><br>
<p>The nearby Heart Mountain War Relocation Center, where a number of Japanese Americans were interned during World War II, was named after the peak.</p><br>
<p>Hawikuh  It was one of the largest of the Zuni pueblos at the time of the Spanish entrada. It was founded around 1400 AD. It was the first pueblo to be visited and conquered by Spanish explorers. The pueblo site is located 12 mi southwest of Zuni Pueblo, on the Zuni Indian Reservation in Cibola County, New Mexico. The site was designated a National Historic Landmark as the Hawikuh Ruins in 1960, and is included as part of the Zuni-Cibola Complex of archaeological sites, a larger National Historic Landmark District designated in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Estevanico, a North African slave assigned to Fray Marcos de Niza&#39;s expedition, was the first non-native to visit Hawikuh, in 1539. He was killed when he unwittingly alarmed Zuni tribesmen with decorations that symbolized death.</p><br>
<p>Francisco Vásquez de Coronado conquered the pueblo in 1540, hoping it was one of the legendary "Seven Cities of Gold". He recorded its native name at the time as Cevola, though others who accompanied him wrote it as Cibola in their accounts. It has been conjectured that this name comes from a word meaning "buffalo". Coronado was severely disappointed by the lack of gold, but wrote that, "As far as I can tell, these Indians worship water, because it makes the corn grow and sustains their life." About the pueblo, he reported that,</p><br>
<p>Although they are not decorated with turquoises, nor made of lime or good bricks, nevertheless they are very good houses, with three, four, and five stories, where there are very good apartments... and some very good rooms underground Kivas, paved, which are made for winter and have something like hot baths.</p><br>
<p>Some Hawikuu residents fled to the Dowa Yalanne mesa top to escape the attackers of the Coronado expedition. The 14 structures at Dowa Yalanne used as a refuge from the Spaniards between 1540-1680 were called Heshoda Ayahltona ("ancient buildings above").</p><br>
<p>In 1628 the Mission La Purisima Concepcíón de Hawikuh was established. The Spanish attempted to suppress the Zuni religion, and introduced the encomienda forced-labor system. In 1632, the Hawikuh Zunis rebelled, burnt the church, and killed the priest. In 1672, the church was burnt again, by Apache raiders, and it was burnt a final time in 1680 during the Great Pueblo Revolt, when all the Nuevo Mexico pueblos rose against the Spanish. After this revolt, Hawikuh was permanently abandoned.</p><br>
<p>The ruins of Hawikuh were excavated during the period 1917-23 by the Heye Foundation under the leadership of Frederick Webb Hodge. The records and artifacts from this excavation are now at the National Museum of the American Indian. Hawikuh was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>Hawikuh is located on the Zuni Indian Reservation near Zuni, New Mexico. The site may be visited with advance permission from the Zuni tribal office and a guide: 505-782-7022.</p><br>
<p>Antsiferov Island  is an uninhabited volcanic island located in the northern Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Its former Japanese name is derived from the Ainu language for "place of tall waves". Its nearest neighbor is Paramushir, located 15 km away across the Luzhin Strait. It is currently named for the cossack explorer Danila Antsiferov, who first described it along with other northern Kuril islands in the early eighteenth century.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Antsiferov is a roughly circular island with an area of 6 km and is part of a spur range extending to the west of the main Kuril islands arc.</p><br>
<p>The island is a stratovolcano with a diameter of 4.25 km and with a central peak (Japanese 蓮華岳; Renge-dake) with a height of 761 metres which is marked by a caldera which is 0.75 kilometre in diameter, which is breached to the south. Two lava domes are located near the walls of the breach, which appear to be of relatively recent origin, although no volcanic eruptions have been observed on Antsiferov in modern times. Much of the island is covered by pumice from pyroclastic-fall deposits.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The southern end of Antsiferov is the site of one of five major Steller sea lion breeding rookeries (about 600 animals) on the Kuril Islands. Because of the absence of terrestrial predators, it is also the home of very dense colonies of northern fulmars and tufted puffins which nest in the hummocks along its slopes. Cliff-dwelling birds, such as kittiwakes and thick-billed murres are also abundant.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Antsiferov had no permanent habitation prior to European contact, but was visited in summer by the Ainu tribes for hunting. Claimed by the Empire of Russia, sovereignty was passed to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg along with the rest of the Kuril islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Shimushu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation. The island is now part of a wildlife refuge, and approach within 20 km by fishing vessels is prohibited.</p><br>
<p>The Valdayka  is a river in Valdaysky District of Novgorod Oblast and in Bologovsky District of Tver Oblast in Russia. It is a tributary of Lake Piros and belongs to the basin of the Msta River. It is 50 km long, and the area of its basin 783 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The Valdayka flows over the Valdai Hills and is a part of the waterway from Lake Valdayskoye to Lake Ilmen. The source of the Valdayka is in Lake Uzhin, close to the town of Valday. The river flows north-east to Lake Piros. It runs through a number of lakes 3 to 4 km long and 300 to 400 m wide, in particular, Lake Zakidovskoye and Lake Plotichno. The Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway crosses the Valdayka close to the village of Lykoshino. Since the Berezayka River flows through the Lake Piros, the Valdayka is considered its tributary.</p><br>
<p>As many rivers in the Valdai Hills, it is a popular rafting route.</p><br>
<p>Broutona  is an uninhabited volcanic island located near the northern end of the southern Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Its name is derived from William Robert Broughton, a British American ship captain who charted many of the Kuril Islands during his voyages during the 19th century. Its original Ainu name was Makanruru, which translates roughly to "island in a strong current".</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Broutona is roughly circular, with an area of 7 km&sup2; It is located approximately 17 km to the northwest of the twin islands of Chirpoy and Brat Chirpoyev.</p><br>
<p>The island consists of a dormant or extinct stratovolcano, which rises to 801 m above sea level. The mountain has not erupted in historic times. The island has steep cliff sides, which can reach heights of 274 m and no sandy beaches, making landing very difficult and dangerous even in calm weather. These cliffs are weak and are easily eroded by the sea.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Broutona appears to have never been inhabited. It appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain, a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644, and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715. Subsequently, claimed by the Empire of Russia, sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda, but was returned to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg along with the rest of the Kuril islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>In the spring and summer northern fulmar and fork-tailed storm petrel nest on the island.</p><br>
<p>Chirinkotan  is an uninhabited volcanic island located in the centre of the Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Its name is derived from the Ainu language for "mudslide". It is located 3 km west of Ekarma, its nearest neighbor.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Chirinkotan is at the far end of a volcanic chain extending nearly 50 km west of the central part of the main Kuril Islands arc. The island is the top of a partially submerged stratovolcano rising approximately 3,000 m from the floor of the Sea of Okhotsk, and is roughly circular with an area of 6 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The island&#39;s highest point ("Masaochi" in Ainu) is 742 m high, is still active volcano with major eruptions recorded in 1760, 1884, 1900, 1979, 1986, 2004, and 2013. Reports of a 1955 eruption are unconfirmed. The caldera is approximately 1 km wide, with a depth of 300 to 400 m, and is breached on its south-east side. The shores of the island are steep cliffs, making landing by small boat impossible.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Chirinkotan has had no permanent habitation. Claimed by the Empire of Russia, sovereignty was passed to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg along with the rest of the Kuril Islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Shumushu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>In the spring and early summer crested, whiskered, and parakeet auklet nest on the island.</p><br>
<p>Skyang Kangri , or Staircase Peak, is a high peak of the Baltoro Muztagh, a subrange of the Karakoram range. It lies on the Pakistan-China border, about 7 km northeast of K2, the world&#39;s second-highest mountain. The name "Staircase Peak" refers to the East Ridge, which resembles a giant staircase with five steps.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>As can be determined from limited exposures, the summit, northern, and northeast slopes of Skyang Kangri consist predominately of limestones of the Shaksgam formation that are largely covered by ice. Further south and west, exposures of K2 Gneiss occur between it and Skyang Luungpa Glacier where the K2 Gneiss is in fault contact with highly folded and faulted strata of the Shaksgam and Baltoro formations. The lower southeast flank of Skyang Kangri consists of a strip of black slate of the Baltoro formation that underlies the Shaksgam Formation and is in fault contact with main body of K2 Gneiss that comprises K2.</p><br>
<p>The Shaksgam Formation consists of massive, brown-grey, shallow-marine, shelf limestones. These limestones contain occasional interbeds of brown and yellowish sandstone and light-colored marl. They are weakly metamorphosed and highly fossiliferous. They contain an abundance of Permian fossils that include brachiopods (Productus sp.) lamellibranchs, bryozoans, corals, crinoids and foraminifera (Parafusulina sp.). The thickness of the Shaksgam Formation is not less than 1,000 m.</p><br>
<p>The Baltoro Formation consists of thin-bedded black, foliated shales often grading into black slates. The slates are highly cleaved and metamorphosed as high as lower greenschist facies. Interlayered with the slates are thin beds of dark coloured limestone and sandstone. These strata are unfossiliferous and presumed on the basis of their stratigraphic position to date to the Carboniferous Period. The slates of the Baltoro Formation is part of a thick sequence of well-cleaved black shales and slates that are exposed along almost the entire length of the Karakoram. These black shales and slates include the Singhie shales, Sarpo Laggo slate, and Pasu slates.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>Skyang Kangri was first attempted by the party of renowned climber and explorer Luigi Amadeo di Savoia, the Duke of the Abruzzi, in 1909, during an expedition to K2. They attempted the East Ridge, as did a subsequent failed attempt in 1975, in which one climber died and one had to be evacuated by helicopter. The first ascent was made in 1976 by a Japanese expedition, climbing the East Ridge without major incident.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, well-known American climbers Jeff Lowe and Michael Kennedy attempted the West Face of Skyang Kangri, but reached only about 7,070 metres. According to the</p><br>
<p>, there have been no subsequent attempts on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Ekarma  is an uninhabited volcanic island near the center of the Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean, separated from Shiashkotan by the Ekarma Strait. Its name is derived from the Ainu language, from “safe anchorage”.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Ekarma is roughly oval, measuring 7.4 km by 5.5 km with an area of 30 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The island consists of two overlapping stratovolcano, collectively called Pik Ekarma -(влк.Экарма; Japanese 越渇磨岳; Ekaruma-dake), which rises to 1,170 m above sea level. Lava flows radiate in all directly from the central peak, forming an uneven shoreline. Numerous hot springs with sulphur deposits are on the northern slopes of the mountain. The last eruption of the mountain was in May 1980, during which ash emissions reaching a height of one kilometer were observed from a fishing vessel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ekarma was visited by hunting and fishing parties of Ainu at the time of European contact, but was not permanently settled as it has no sources of fresh water aside from rainfall. The island appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain, a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644, and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1744. Subsequently, claimed by the Empire of Russia, sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda, but was returned to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg along with the rest of the Kuril islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Shimushu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. In 1893, a settlement was attempted by nine members of the Chishima Protective Society led by Gunji Shigetada; however, the colony failed when five of the nine members died in an accident while fishing. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>Ketoy   is an uninhabited volcanic island located in the centre of the Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Ketoy is roughly circular with an area of 73 km²</p><br>
<p>and a diameter of 10 km. Its name is derived from the Ainu language for "skeleton" or "bad".</p><br>
<p>The island is a complex stratovolcano lined with steep cliffs ranging from 30 metres to 60 metres on the east and south sides with the west and north being taller. The beaches on the island consist of boulders and stones. In the centre of the island is a 1.5 km wide caldera filled by a freshwater caldera lake. The terrain is undulating and steep with numerous hills, rising to two main peaks:</p><br>
<p>Ketoy -(влк Кетой; Japanese 計吐夷岳; Ketoidake) with a height of 1,172 meters to the east of the central caldera lake</p><br>
<p>Pallas -(влк Палласа; Japanese 白烟山; Shirokemuriyama) with a height of 993 meters in the center of the island. Pallas also has a caldera lake, with a diameter of approximately 550 meters.</p><br>
<p>Ketoy is still an active volcano. A major eruption occurred from 1846 to 1847, with the last known eruption in 1960, and August 9, 2013.</p><br>
<p>http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0900-20=&volpage=erupt</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ketoy had no permanent habitation prior to European contact, but was visited in summer by the Ainu tribes from Rasshua for hunting. Claimed by the Empire of Russia, sovereignty was passed to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg along with the rest of the Kuril islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Shimushiro District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>Kharimkotan ; Japanese 春牟古丹島; Harimukotan-tō, alternatively Harumukotan-tō or 加林古丹島; Karinkotan-tō) is an uninhabited volcanic island located 13 km from Onekotan near the northern end of the Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Its name is derived from the Ainu language, from “village of many Cardiocrinum”.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Kharimkotan is roughly oval, measuring 8 km by 12 km with an area of 68 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The island consists of a dormant stratovolcano, Pik Severgin -(влк.Севергина; Japanese 春牟古丹岳; Harikotan-dake), which rises to 1,157 m above sea level. The peak is marked by two horseshoe shaped volcanic craters created by the collapse of the volcano&#39;s upper slopes. Other evidence of the collapse can be seen on the peninsulas to the east and northwest which were formed by the debris. The volcano has erupted occasionally from the 18th century onwards, with the last recorded eruption in 1933 sending volcanic ash as far away as Paramushir. The collapse of the cone resulted in a debris-avalanche which subsequently caused a tsunami, which killed two people on Pamamushir. The path on which the debris took is visible on satellite imagery.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kharimkotan was inhabited by the Ainu at the time of European contact. The remains of a village exist in the northeast of the island, and the inhabitants subsisted by growing the edible bulbs of the Cardiocrinum, as well as fishing and hunting. The island appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain, a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644, and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715. Subsequently, claimed by the Empire of Russia, sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda, but was returned to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) along with the rest of the Kuril islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Shimushu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>Karavostamo  is a seaside village on the island of Ikaria, Greece. It is composed of an upper and lower village and is situated in the northern part of the island east of the municipal unit of Evdilos. It has 499 inhabitants . It has small houses amphitheatrically built, two churches, several chapels, nursery, primary school, modern oil press, streams, old watermills, and beaches. The traditional "Pigi tou Halika," Halika Spring, stands just off the main road. Historically it was the central meeting place of the villagers, where they would fill their pitchers with water, wash their clothes, rest, and discuss village issues.</p><br>
<p>In the upper village with the farm houses surrounded by terraces, some cultivated and some not, villagers dry figs in the sun, make onion strings for winter usage, and shell and dry nuts and almonds. There is also a "kamini" or place where charcoal is produced, one of the few still existing in Ikaria which has had a long-standing tradition in the field since before the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>Labuche Kang  is a northern outlier of the Himalayas inside Tibet. It rises northwest of Rolwaling Himal and east of Shishapangma. The peak belongs to a little-known section of the Himalaya variously called Labuche Himal, Pamari Himal and Lapchi Kang. that extends from the valley of the Tamakosi River west to the valley of the Sun Kosi and Nyalam Tong La</p><br>
<p>pass where Arniko-Friendship Highway cross the Himalaya. This section extends south into Nepal east of Arniko Highway. It is wholly within the catchment of the Kosi, a Ganges tributary.</p><br>
<p>Labuche Kang was first climbed in 1987 by a Sino-Japanese expedition, via the West Ridge. No other attempts are recorded until September 2010 when American climber Joe Puryear fell to his death during an unsuccessful attempt.</p><br>
<h2>Labuche Kang III East</h2><br>
<p>Another peak on the Labuche Kang massif, Labuche Kang III East 28&deg;18&prime;01&Prime;N latitude, 86&deg;23&prime;03&Prime;E longitude (7,250 m; Prom.=570 m), is likely the second highest unclimbed peak in the world behind Gangkhar Puensum (7,570 m; Prom.=2,995 m), using a 500-meter prominence cutoff. The former second highest unclimbed mountain, Saser Kangri II East (7,513 m; Prom.=1,450 m), was first climbed on August 24, 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Villa Poppaea is an ancient Roman seaside villa  situated between Naples and Sorrento, in southern Italy. It is also called the Villa Oplontis or Oplontis Villa A by modern archaeologists. The villa itself is a large structure situated in the ancient Roman town of Oplontis , about ten metres below modern ground level. Evidence suggests that it was owned by the Emperor Nero, and it is believed to have been used by his second wife, Poppaea Sabina, as her main residence when she was not in Rome.</p><br>
<h2>House plan and construction</h2><br>
<p>According to John R. Clarke in The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.-A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration, the Villa Poppaea is best understood as a model on which many of the more modest city houses of ancient Pompeii and Herculaneum were based (Clarke, 23). This grandiose maritime villa is characterized by “rituals of reception and leisure” through both its physical space and its decoration.</p><br>
<p>Like many of the other houses in the area, the villa shows signs of remodeling, probably to repair damage from the earthquake in 62 CE. The oldest part of the house centers round the atrium and dates from the middle of 1st century BCE. During the remodeling, the house was extended to the east, with the addition of various reception and service rooms, gardens and a large swimming pool.</p><br>
<p>Detailed information about the various phases of construction on the Villa Poppaea can be found in Stefano de Caro’s chapter in Ancient Roman Villa Gardens published by the Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Frescoes</h2><br>
<p>Like many of the frescoes that were preserved due to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, those decorating the walls of the Villa Poppaea are striking both in form and in color. Many of the frescoes are in the “Second Style” (also called the Architectural Style) of ancient Roman painting, dating to ca. 90-25 BCE as classified in 1899 by August Mau. Details include feigned architectural features such as trompe-l&#39;œil windows, doors, and painted columns.</p><br>
<p>Frescoes in the caldarium depicting Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides are painted in the "Third Style" (also called the Ornate Style) dating to ca. 25 BCE-40 CE according to Mau. Attention to realistic perspective is abandoned in favor of flatness and elongated architectural forms which “form a kind of shrine" around a central scene, which is often mythological.</p><br>
<p>Immediately to the west of the triclinium is a large oecus, which was the main living room of a Roman house. Like the caldarium frescoes, the room is also painted in the Second Style. The east wall includes some wonderful details such as a theatre mask and peacock.</p><br>
<p>Much attention has been paid to the allusions to stage painting (scenae frons) in the Villa Poppaea frescoes, particularly those in Room 23.</p><br>
<h2>Rediscovery and excavation history</h2><br>
<p>The Villa of Poppaea was first discovered in the eighteenth century during the construction of the Sarno Canal which cut through the central hall of the villa (Clarke, 22). Between 1839 and 1840 explorations of the site were undertaken by Bourbon excavators who removed several paintings from the villa. The excavators used a tunneling technique that was also employed at Herculaneum, and uncovered part of the peristyle and garden area.</p><br>
<p>Excavations continued again from 1964 until the mid-1980s, at which point the site was excavated to its current level. It was during this final round of excavations that the massive swimming pool, measuring 60 by 17 meters, was unearthed. The villa’s southernmost portions have been left unexcavated because of the physical limitations of the complex, which has been compromised by its position beneath the modern city of Torre Annunziata and the construction of the Sarno Canal.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens</h2><br>
<p>Historian and archeologist Wilhelmina Feemster Jashemski began excavations on the gardens at the Villa Poppaea in 1974, and by 1993, 13 gardens had been discovered. Among these was a peristyle garden in the original portion of the villa. There, Jashemski and her team found evidence of a large shade tree next to a fountain; they also found a sundial, and the remains of a rake, a hoe, and a hook.</p><br>
<p>Another garden in the grounds, this one enclosed, featured wall paintings of plants and birds, and evidence of fruit trees growing in the garden’s corners. Two courtyard gardens also featured wall paintings. A large garden that Jashemski describes as "parklike" extends from the back of the villa. There her team discovered cavities that had once housed the roots of large trees, believed by specialists at the Ministero dell’Agricultura to be plane trees.</p><br>
<p>Also found were the remains of tree stumps. These were analyzed in the lab; one large branch still retained some of its original cellular structure intact, and examination of this material under a microscope proved that the branch came from an olive tree.</p><br>
<p>Other trees at the Villa Poppaea were also identified, including lemon and oleander; a carbonized apple found on the site indicates the former presence of apple trees. According to Patrick Bowe modern-day replanting of the Villa’s gardens was undertaken only after the gardens’ original plant types and location were known.</p><br>
<h2>Nearby villa</h2><br>
<p>Nearby is the so-called Villa of L. Crassius Tertius, partially excavated between 1974 and 1991. In contrast to the sumptuously decorated Villa Poppaea, the neighboring villa is a rustic, two-story structure with many rooms left unplastered and with tamped earth floors. Some of the rooms seem to have been used for manufacturing, and others were storerooms, while the upper floor contained the living quarters of the house. These circumstances, along with more than 400 amphorae recovered in the excavations, seem to indicate the presence of a small business on the property devoted to the production of wine, oil, and agricultural goods. The discovery of a series of weights seems to confirm this theory; a bronze seal found at the site preserved the name of Lucius Crassius Tertius, apparently its last owner. This villa was not deserted at the time of the eruption: the remains of 54 people were recovered in one of the rooms of the villa, perishing in the surge that hit Oplontis. With the victims were found many of their belongings, including fine jewelry, silverware, and coins in the amount of 10,000 sesterces, the second largest by value found in the Vesuvian region after that of Boscoreale.</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>White Pass  is a mountain pass in the northwest United States, located in the Cascade Range of Washington, southeast of Mount Rainier and north of Goat Rocks. USA Highway 12 travels over White Pass, connecting Yakima County on the east with Lewis County.</p><br>
<p>A shortcut route across White Pass between Packwood and Naches was first established as State Road 5 in 1931, and the link was completed in August 1951 along the current route, later designated USA Route 12.</p><br>
<p>White Pass Ski Area, located at the summit, opened on January 11, 1953. Champion ski racing twins Phil and Steve Mahre (and their seven siblings) grew up on White Pass, where their father Dave Mahre was the mountain manager for the ski area. White Pass is also the home mountain of professional snowboarder Marc Frank Montoya, owner of The Block hotels.</p><br>
<p>As the crow flies, the pass is approximately 25 mi southeast of the summit of Mount Rainier and 30 mi north of Mount Adams.</p><br>
<p>Little Meg  is a small circle of large kerb stones which probably surrounded a Bronze Age kerb cairn. It is close to the village of Langwathby to the north-east of Penrith in the English county of Cumbria and is 650 metres north-east of the more famous stone circle of Long Meg and Her Daughters. It forms part of a complex of stone circles and cairns around the Long Meg site that includes the circle at Glassonby, Old Parks, and other sites since lost.</p><br>
<p>Two of the stones (only one remaining) were decorated in antiquity with a series of concentric circles and a spiral.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Little Meg is situated c.650m north-east of the Long Meg stone circle. "It stands on a very slight ridge amongst gently undulating glacial deposits". Long Meg would have been visible at the time of its use.</p><br>
<p>The stone circles, henges, cairns and other standing stones in the area are often grouped at nodes of communication routes. The Shap Stone Avenue to the south of Penrith, forms an avenue running to the east of the River Lowther along a main route to the north; the Long Meg complex runs alongside the River Eden; Mayburgh and the other henges run alongside the River Eamont near its confluence with the River Lowther.</p><br>
<p>Among the many questions related to this site, one concerns why Little Meg was not aligned with the midwinter or midsummer line to Long Meg. Clare suggests that maybe that line was considered too sacred, or that the existing vegetation precluded seeing the line, or that there was already another monument there.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Other questions concern the nature of the construction of Little Meg. When first discovered in the middle of the nineteenth century, there was a c.1.3m mound covering the stones. The number of stones was reported to be 8 by one person, 11 by another, perhaps because the mound was not completely cleared away and still covered three stones. Bones, charcoal and a coarse pot were found buried in a cist at the centre of the circle, the pot being unadorned and standing at the east end of the cist.</p><br>
<p>Whether the stones were actually standing or lying down is also another question. It is possible that some stones were pushed over prior to the building of the mound.</p><br>
<p>Given an 11-stone circle, about 18 feet in diameter, it might be that the internal cairn was part of the original structure.</p><br>
<h2>Rock art</h2><br>
<p>There is one boulder existing today that has a spiral on it linked into multiple concentric circles. The crispness of the cutting may suggest that the work was done shortly before the mound was made, thus preserving the artwork. There was another stone at the west side of the circle, no longer extant, that had an incised circle and other markings on it.</p><br>
<p>Two stones found in the cist (now in Penrith Museum), have cup and ring markings. Their use in the cist is uncertain - they may have supported a cap stone. The markings on the cist stone are cup-centred, whereas the ones on the ring-stones are on a plain background, suggesting that the cist itself was a later addition.</p><br>
<h2>Dating and purpose</h2><br>
<p>Although Little Meg looks like a small stone circle or oval, it is more likely to be a Bronze Age (c.2,500 - c.700 B.C.) kerb cairn. Another cairn was reported 100 yards to the east of Little Meg by the original recorder of Little Meg itself, Canon Simpson.</p><br>
<p>Lyttelton Harbour / Whakaraupō is one of two major inlets in Banks Peninsula, on the coast of Canterbury, New Zealand; the other is Akaroa Harbour.</p><br>
<p>Approximately 15 km in length from its mouth to Teddington, the harbour sits in the erosion caldera of the ancient Lyttelton Volcano, the steep sides of which form the Port Hills on its northern shore.</p><br>
<p>The harbour&#39;s main population centre is Lyttelton, which serves the city of Christchurch, linked with Christchurch by the single-track Lyttelton rail tunnel (opened 1867), a two lane road tunnel (opened 1964) and two roads over the Port Hills. Diamond Harbour lies to the south and the Māori village of Rāpaki to the west. At the head of the harbour is the settlement of Governors Bay. The reserve of Quail Island is near the harbour head and Ripapa Island is just off its south shore at the entrance to Purau Bay.</p><br>
<p>The harbour provides access to a busy commercial port at Lyttelton which today includes a petroleum storage facility and a modern container and cargo terminal.</p><br>
<p>Hector&#39;s dolphins, a species endemic to New Zealand, and New Zealand fur seals live in the harbour.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Māori referred to the harbour as Te Whakaraupō, with this translating as harbour of the raupō reed. The common original European name for the harbour was Port Cooper, after Daniel Cooper). A less common early name was Cooks Harbour, based on the early explorations by James Cook; the equivalent naming convention referred to Akaroa Harbour as Banks Harbour after the botanist Joseph Banks. The surveyors under Joseph Thomas who surveyed Canterbury in the late 1840s named the harbour Port Victoria after the monarch of the United Kingdom, but the name did not find common acceptance. The name was officially changed to Lyttelton Harbour in 1858, in honour of George William Lyttelton, who was the chairman of the Canterbury Association. The official name of the harbour was amended again to become a dual name by the Ngāi Tahu Claims Settlement Act 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Early European settlers used Quail Island as a leper colony in 1918–25. It is now a nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>Fort Jervois was built on the island of Rīpapa in 1885–95. Rīpapa was used in World War I to intern German nationals as enemy aliens, the most notable being Count Felix von Luckner.</p><br>
<p>In 1877 the Lyttelton Harbour Board (now Lyttelton Port Company) started building an inner harbour, From 1907 it was worked with turbine steamships and from 1933 it was named the "Steamer Express".</p><br>
<p>However, in 1962 New Zealand Railways started the Interislander ferry service on the 55 nmi route between Picton and Wellington. This competing service not only offered a shorter crossing but also used diesel ships that had lower running costs than the Union Companys turbine steamers. The wreck of the Steamer Express in 1968 was a setback for the Lyttelton service but the Union Company introduced a new ship, in 1972. She lost money, survived on a Ministry of Transport subsidy from 1974 and was withdrawn in 1976, leaving the Interislanders Picton route to continue the ferry link between the two islands.</p><br>
<p>There were two stations that served the once-busy town of Haines Falls, New York. One was owned by the Ulster and Delaware Railroad, and the other was owned by the Catskill and Tannersville Railway.</p><br>
<h2>Kaaterskill Railroad</h2><br>
<p>One was owned by the narrow-gauge Kaaterskill Railroad, MP 6.6, and was one of the busiest stations on the line. It was called Haines Corners Station, as the town&#39;s original name was</p><br>
<p>Haines Corners. It was very busy, and was across from a boarding house. It was near a six-span bridge, called the Girder Deck Bridge, which was the largest structure on the railroad. It was right across from another station that was owned by another narrow-gauge railroad. The KRR station soon became a station that belonged to a standard-gauge railroad called the Ulster and Delaware, which turned the Kaaterskill Railroad into a branch, and combined it with a portion of another narrow-gauge railroad, called the Stony Clove and Catskill Mountain Railway.</p><br>
<h2>Ulster and Delaware</h2><br>
<p>The Ulster and Delaware Haines Falls Railroad Station, branch MP 18.4, wasn&#39;t changed during the period that pre-fabricated stations being erected in between the years of 1900 and 1901. However, the station was causing problems; as passenger trains grew the early 1910s, the State of New York was sending complaints that the station was too small for the town it was serving. The U&D finally gave in and tore the old station, making way for a new one that was a few hundred feet away in 1913.</p><br>
<p>This new station, branch MP 18.5, looked like the Tannersville Station, but it didn&#39;t have the portico sticking out of the back. It was a full season passenger station until the New York Central purchased the U&D in 1932. This was when it became a summer-only station, with it being a flagstop in the other seasons. If a passenger were to get picked up at the station in another season, the business and income would be handled by the station agent at Tannersville.</p><br>
<p>But when the NYC was granted permission by the ICC to abandon the branches in 1939, and to scrap it in 1940, the station was abandoned. However, it was recently restored to perfect condition and painted blue. It is, at present, the headquarters of the, and one of only two surviving U&D branch stations.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the Ulster & Delaware Railroad Historical Society donated 132 feet of 105lb rail to the so that a display track could be built on the former railroad right-of-way besides the station.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Catskill and Tannersville</h2><br>
<p>The Catskill and Tannersvilles Haines Falls Station, MP 3.5, was a much smaller, more spartan station than the one owned by the U&D, and was right across from the original U&Ds Haines Corners station. It, like the U&Ds station, was renamed the "Haines Falls Station" along with the changing of the towns name. It was one of the lines busiest stations, and is the one with the most photographs. Unfortunately, this stations busy life was short lived. When the C&T went bankrupt in 1918, and was scrapped in 1919, along with the rest of the Catskill Mountain Railway system, this station was left to fall apart, and it was eventually destroyed.</p><br>
<p>New Bullards Bar Reservoir is a large reservoir in northeastern Yuba County, California, at an elevation of 2,000 ft in the Tahoe National Forest and about 30 miles  northeast of Yuba City, California. The 969,600 acre.foot reservoir is formed by New Bullards Bar Dam on the North Yuba River, a tributary of the Feather River. It also receives a portion of the Middle Fork&#39;s flow that is diverted to the reservoir via tunnels.</p><br>
<p>The dam is a 635-foot (194 m) high concrete variable radius arch dam. It was finished in 1970 and is owned by the Yuba County Water Agency. It is a multipurpose dam, but its most important function is flood control, which 170,000 acre.ft of the reservoirs capacity is dedicated to. While this is only 17.5% of the reservoirs total capacity, it is enough to create a medium-sized reservoir by itself. The dam also provides water for irrigation, hydroelectricity production and recreation, including boating, water skiing, fishing, mountain biking and camping.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir provides water to power two hydroelectric plants, New Colgate Powerhouse and Fish Release Powerhouse. New Colgate Powerhouse is not located at the base of the dam, like most hydroelectric plants. Instead, the 14 ft diameter New Colgate Tunnel carries the water about 5 miles (8 km) southwest of the dam to the powerhouse. This increases the head, which allows the plant to produce more electricity. The dams Pelton wheels are the largest ever built and have a combined capacity of 315 MW. Some water is released at the base of the dam so that the streambed is not completely dewatered upstream of the New Colgate Powerhouse tailrace. This water powers the 150 kW Fish Release Powerhouse. In the event of a power outage, this plant can operate the dams massive spillway gates.</p><br>
<p>Bullards Bar Reservoir is also used for outdoor recreation. It is 16 mi in length and has 60+ miles of shoreline. Water Ski Magazine rates Bullards Bar Reservoir as one of the best recreational lakes in the United States. Bullards Bar is known as a Mountain Biking destination with approx 19 miles of hiking & biking trails primarily on the east side of the lake. The trails are maintained by the USFS Yuba Ranger District & volunteers from Bicyclests of Nevada County or. Bullards Bar offers two boat launching facilities with one launch ramp adjacent to Emerald Cove Marina. Emerald Cove Marina offers a variety of services, such as a general store, gasoline, boat moorage, and camping as well as houseboat, ski, patio, and fishing boat rentals.</p><br>
<p>Skraeling Island lies off the east coast of Ellesmere Island in the Canadian territory of Nunavut, at the mouth of Alexandra Fiord. Buchanan Bay lies to its north-east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Norse referred to the indigenous peoples they encountered in Greenland and the New World as skræling (cloth-skin, possibly derived from the hides the natives wore), and the sagas make it clear that the Norse considered the natives hostile.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>Skraeling Island is an extensive archeological site which has yielded a wealth of artifacts from Small-Tool cultures dating from 4500 BC (Dorset and Thule). Norse items found at Inuit sites — some 80 objects from a single site including a small driftwood carving of a face with European features — suggests that there was a lively trade between the groups (as well as an exchange of Norse goods among the Inuit).</p><br>
<p>Clear Lake Reservoir is a reservoir in the Klamath Basin and the Modoc National Forest, in northwestern Modoc County, California.</p><br>
<p>It is part of the Klamath Project. and about 40 mi northwest of Alturas. It is formed by Clear Lake Dam on the Lost River, a tributary of the Klamath River, and has a capacity of 527,000 acre.ft. The reservoir is not to be confused with Clear Lake, a large natural lake on Cache Creek in Lake County, California.</p><br>
<h2>Clear Lake Dam</h2><br>
<p>The original dam was constructed of rockfill and completed in 1910. It was 42 ft tall from the bottom of the foundation to the crest, 32 ft if measured from the crest to the original stream bed. It was replaced with a concrete dam near the old dam in 2002. The old dam had deteriorated and the water level was kept low to prevent it from failing. Its crest is at the same height as the old dam and the reservoir&#39;s capacity is about the same. There is a small hydroelectric plant at the dam with a capacity of 3 MW. The dam is owned by the United States Bureau of Reclamation.</p><br>
<p>The dam and reservoir were created to reduce flows into the reclaimed wetlands of Tule Lake. It also reduces flows into Tule Lake Sumps in the Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir created by the dam has a very large surface area, 25,760 acres (104.2 km²), and its average depth at maximum capacity is only about 20 feet (6 m), so it has a very high rate of evaporation. In 1998, 74,500 acre.ft of water from the reservoir evaporated, more than any other lake in the state besides Shasta Lake, which has over 8 times the volume. Because of this, Clear Lake Reservoir is not an efficient water storage reservoir. This is a problem since the dam now provides water for irrigation in the eastern half of the Klamath Basin.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is in Modoc National Forest and Clear Lake National Wildlife Refuge, so recreation opportunities are limited.</p><br>
<p>The Abercrombie Caves, contained within the, are a series of limestone arch caves that are located in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. The caves are renowned for their karst qualities, namely the formation that has been eroded by water action that has developed from a sinkhole to become a blind valley. Several good examples of crayback formations exist in both entrances.</p><br>
<p>The 1,434 hectare reserve is situated 75 km south of and 125 km north of, near the small village of. The caves are registered as a natural heritage site on the Register of the National Estate for its large diversity of karst morphological and sedimentological features. Camping in the reserve is permitted, with sixty campground sites and two cottages. The caves are open seven days a week during school holidays; and closed on Monday and Tuesday during school terms.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The most popular feature of the Abercrombie Caves is The Archway the largest natural arch in the southern hemisphere. Within The Archway cave is the gold miners dance platform built in January 1880 by gold miners, replacing a platform built in the 1860s, the 1880s platform is still used for performances to this day including the annual Carols in the Caves performance.</p><br>
<p>Other caves within the reserve are King Solomons Temple, Cathedral Cave, Grove Cave, and the Bushrangers Cave.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is believed that a tourist party visited the caves in 1834 but the Caves were not officially discovered until 1842 by Surveyor W. R. Davidson. Surveyor Wells discovered the Koh-i-noor, Bushranger, Long Tunnel, and Cathedral caves and the Hall of Terpsichore (The Dance Hall) in 1843. Explorer William Wentworth and Governor Charles Fitzroy visited Abercrombie Caves in 1844.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that various bushrangers used the caves as a hideout during the 1800s. The earliest known is the Ribbon Gang who used the caves in 1830.</p><br>
<p>Gold was discovered in the area in 1854. A gold exploration community was established at Mount Gray, just above the caves. Miners from many of the surrounding communities would often visit the caves for recreation.</p><br>
<p>The caves were originally known as Burragylong Caverns and during the mining period they became known as Abercrombie caves.</p><br>
<p>Vandalism occurred in the early days when many pieces of white marble were carted away by the visitors as souvenirs and the miners damaged many of the formations by firing rifles at them. Some graffiti name carvings can still be seen inside the caves from the 19th century period.</p><br>
<p>Doboj South  is a small rural municipality in the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.</p><br>
<p>It borders with Doboj municipality, part of Republika Srpska entity.</p><br>
<h2>About Doboj South</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Doboj South is a newly formed municipality, established as a direct consequence of war activities in this area. It is not a very large municipality, and covers an area of 80 square kilometers. It spreads around the roads Zenica-Doboj-jug-Doboj and Zenica-Doboj-jug-Usora-Tešanj-Teslić. It nestles between the Bosna and Usora Rivers.</p><br>
<p>Famous graveyard of tanks located within the Doboj South municipality reminds everyone of the horrors of war and warning never to repeat these atrocities again.</p><br>
<h2>Inhabited places</h2><br>
<p>Municipality consists of the villages of Matuzići and Mravići.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<h3>2013</h3><br>
<p>In the 2013 census, the municipality of Doboj South had 4,137 residents:</p><br>
<h2>Traffic</h2><br>
<p>The state road M-17, a traffic artery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, runs across most of the municipal area.</p><br>
<h2>Sport</h2><br>
<p>The local football club, NK Gradina Doboj-Jug, plays in the Regional League in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.</p><br>
<p>Doboj East  is a small municipality in the Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was created after the Dayton peace agreement in 1998 by seceding from the municipality Doboj.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>It consists of the local communities of Lukavica Rijeka, Stanić Rijeka, Klokotnica, Velika Brijesnica and Mala Brijesnica.</p><br>
<h3>Demographics</h3><br>
<h2>2013 Census</h2><br>
<p>Page text.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Doboj East is sutiated between the municipalities of Gračanica and Doboj, on the left side of the Spreča river, in the Spreča valley, surrounded by the Trebava mountain. It is mainly a rural municipality, densely populated and has a high birth rate.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area of present-day Doboj East was populated since the Middle Ages, and according to some written documents the first time Brijesnica Mala and Klokotnica were mentioned is in 1528. and Lukavica Rijeka and Stanić Rijeka in 1533.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The main industries in Doboj East are agriculture, textile industry and food industry.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Most tourists come to Doboj East for hunting, fishing and adventure tourism.</p><br>
<p>El Capitan Reservoir is a reservoir in central San Diego County, California. It is in the Cuyamaca Mountains, about 30 miles  northeast of the city of San Diego and two miles northwest of the town of Alpine.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is formed by El Capitan Dam on the San Diego River and has a capacity of 112,800 acre.ft. The 237-foot (72 m) dam is composed of hydraulic fill and was completed in 1934. The dam is owned by the city of San Diego and its primary purpose is to supply drinking water.</p><br>
<p>The amount of runoff that enters the reservoir varies considerably. During a 25-year period, it ranged from 1,000 to 70,000 acre.ft per year (39 to 2,700 L/s). The water in the reservoir usually consists of runoff from above the dam, but in years of drought, water is sometimes transferred to it from San Vicente Reservoir, which is the terminus of the First San Diego Aqueduct. According to the City of San Diego&#39;s General Plan Seismic Element, Division of Safety of Dams engineers "restricted the maximum water surface of El Capitan Dam to an elevation 30 feet lower than spillway, although permitting the temporary storage of storm inflows above the specified level for short periods." This requirement was added after the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, where "a loss of about 30 feet of dam height resulted" at the Van Norman Dam due to "liquefaction of the hydraulic fill on the upstream side of the embankment".</p><br>
<p>There is limited recreation available at the reservoir. Boating and water skiing are available from May through October. Personal water craft are limited to a designated zone, except when towing someone. Also, the long and narrow north arm of the lake is only open to watercraft on Sundays. Fishing is allowed all year. There is no camping at the lake. The nearest camping site is about 10 miles (16 km) away at Lake Jennings.</p><br>
<p>The University of Pennsylvania Campus Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, eastern USA. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The Historic District comprises 28 contributing properties over 117 acre, including:</p><br>
<p>College Hall, Thomas W. Richards, 1871-1872</p><br>
<p>Logan Hall, Thomas W. Richards, 1874</p><br>
<p>John Harrison (Smith) Chemistry Lab, Collins and Autenreith, 1886</p><br>
<p>Furness Library, Furness and Evans, 1888-1891; Duhring Wing, 1914-1915</p><br>
<p>Morgan Laboratory of Physics (School of Nursing and Music Building), Cope and Stewardson, 1892</p><br>
<p>Wistar Institute, G. W. & W. D. Hewitt 1894; addition, 1897</p><br>
<p>Quadrangle Dormitories, Cope and Stewardson, 1895-1910</p><br>
<p>Houston Hall, William C. Hays and Milton Bennett Medary (under Frank Miles Day), 1895</p><br>
<p>University Museum, original design by Wilson Eyre, Cope and Stewardson, and Frank Miles Day, 1895-1899. Additions in 1912 and 1929; new wing designed by Mitchell and Giurgola, 1971</p><br>
<p>Dental Hall (in 1915 Fine Arts Building, present-day Hayden Hall), Edgar Viguers Seeler, 1896</p><br>
<p>"The Castle" (Tau chapter of Psi Upsilon Fraternity), William D. Hewitt, 1897–99</p><br>
<p>Phi Delta Theta (present-day Environmental Studies), Oswald Shelly, 1900</p><br>
<p>Towne Building, Cope and Stewardson, 1903</p><br>
<p>Franklin Field, Day & Klauder, 1904; Horace Trumbauer, 1925</p><br>
<p>Medical School, Cope and Stewardson, 1904, 1928</p><br>
<p>Weightman Hall, Frank Miles Day, 1904</p><br>
<p>Veterinary School and Hospital, designed by Walter Cope and Emlyn Stewardson, 1906, 1912</p><br>
<p>Phi Kappa Sigma fraternity, Bissell and Sinkler, 1910</p><br>
<p>Zoological Laboratory (present-day Leidy Laboratory of Biology), Cope and Stewardson, 1910</p><br>
<p>Delta Upsilon, L. Kintzing, 1913</p><br>
<p>Delta Tau Delta, Bissell and Sinkler, 1914</p><br>
<p>Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Erskine and Morris, 1921; renovated by Paul Cret 1926; third story added by Alfred Bendiner in 1940</p><br>
<p>Bennett Hall, Stewardson and Page, 1925</p><br>
<p>Hutchinson Gym and Palestra, Frank Miles Day and Charles Klauder, 1926, 1928</p><br>
<p>Irvine Auditorium, Horace Trumbauer, 1926-1932</p><br>
<p>Richards Medical Research Laboratories, Louis Kahn, 1962</p><br>
<p>Cap de Formentor forms the eastern end of Majorca&#39;s Formentor peninsula. The Majorcans also call the cape the Meeting point of the winds.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Cap de Formentor is a spectacular place, located on the northernmost point of the Balaeric Island Majorca in Spain. Its highest point, Fumart, is 384m above sea level. It has many associated bays, including Cala Fiquera, Cala Murta and Cala Pi de la Posada.</p><br>
<p>The 13.5 km road which runs from Port de Pollença to Cap de Formentor was built by the Italian engineer Antonio Parietti. He also constructed the snake road to Sa Calobra. Instead of being overwhelmed by what stood in his way on the cliffs, Parretti observed the Tramuntana winds and understood: where the slope was too steep, he made a curve. When he had to remove part of the cliffs, he placed the waste in other places where it was needed. The result was the two roads, which are nestled together in the mountains.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1863 the Formentor Lighthouse was opened, the remote and rugged location on the Cap de Formentor making construction difficult. The only access being from the sea or via a long mule track.</p><br>
<p>When the poet Miquel i Llobera, who owned the Cap de Formentor peninsula, died, it was divided into lots and sold. In 1928 Adan Diehl, an Argentinian native and art lover, decided to build the Hotel Formentor.</p><br>
<h2>Attractions</h2><br>
<p>The headland has quite a few lookout points with spectacular views. The most well-known is Mirador del Mal Pas, also named Mirador des Colomer after the small island Colomer, the view from which can be seen in the picture above. The panorama from Majorcas Finisterre illuminates Menorca in the east, Cala Fiquera in the west, and Alcudia with its sandy beach in the south. However, the view of the cliffs below is not for sufferers of vertigo as sea roars 300m below and the winds on the headland can be vicious.</p><br>
<p>A German radio operator and pilot built a private weather station here in 1996, which transmits encoded radio transmissions to the base station 56 km away (via a beam radio). Data is then sent all over the world wirelessly. The analyses are used by hotels, organizers, sailing clubs, flying clubs, and others. They are freely available to anyone who has the necessary receiving equipment. The official weather department is located in Porto Pi, on the Palma de Mallorca harbour. It is responsible for international ships, air travel and other sites.</p><br>
<p>In the southeastern part by Racó de Xot there is a cave with an opening into the sea. It has two entrances located about 8m over the surface of the water. The cave has a length of 90 m and a height of 8 m and is one of the most important sources of information for the prehistoric talaiot culture.</p><br>
<p>Don Hoi Lot  is a sandbar off the coast of Samut Songkhram Province at the northwestern tip of the Bay of Bangkok. The sediments of the Mae Klong River together sediments from the sea form a system of mudflats, which are populated by razor clams , which also gave the site its Thai name. The site has the largest population of this species, which is endemic to the northern Gulf of Thailand. Also 18 bird and 42 invertebrate species are recorded at the mudflats and the adjoining coastal mangrove forests. The mudflat Don Nai is on the coast. At Chu Chi village several seafood restaurants offer the local clams. Nearby, the highly revered shrine of Prince Chumphon Khet-Udomsak attracts Thai visitors.</p><br>
<p>Since 5 July 2001 the site has been registered as Ramsar site number 1099.</p><br>
<p>Don Hoi Lot is named after the tubular shellfish, known as razor clams or “worm shells” in English.</p><br>
<p>the area covers 3 km. width and 5 km. long in Tambon Bang Chakreng.</p><br>
<p>Don Hoi Lot has become a place for people to visit on the weekend. Shell digging on the sandbank is</p><br>
<p>one of the activities for visitors, people mostly come here to do shopping at seaside market and</p><br>
<p>restaurants. On the weekend, the side of the coastal road is transformed to market of fresh and</p><br>
<p>prepared seafood, packaged local products, fresh fruit, Thai sweets and a few Don Hoi Lot T-shirts.</p><br>
<p>The best time of the year for visiting is between March-May because the water level is lower and</p><br>
<p>the sandbanks will be exposed. Tourists can rent the boat from Aphon Pavilion (near the</p><br>
<p>Krommaluang Chumphonkhetudomsak Shrine) to the sandbar. The boat can take a maximum of 6</p><br>
<p>people for a rate of around 60 baht. To visit the bay mouth, the boat rental is 200 baht per boat with</p><br>
<p>maximum 5 people.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>(PDF document)</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Casselman River is a 56.5 mi tributary of the Youghiogheny River in western Maryland and Pennsylvania in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Casselman River rises in Garrett County atop the plateau of western Maryland as two branches, the south one east of Meadow Mountain, the north one farther west, between Meadow Mountain and Negro Mountain. The two branches flow northward combining just southwest of Grantsville, Maryland. The river then continues north into Pennsylvania, following a great arc across the Laurel Highlands of Somerset County, Pennsylvania to the community of Confluence, where Laurel Hill Creek joins a few meters above the Youghiogheny River.</p><br>
<p>The river has been used for transportation across the Allegheny Mountains, between the cities of Baltimore and Washington, D.C. in the east and Pittsburgh in the west. Two railroads followed the Casselman River from Meyersdale, Pennsylvania to Confluence. First is the B&O Railroad, running between Baltimore and Pittsburgh, which was completed in 1827, and is currently owned by CSX. Second is the Western Maryland Railway, which ran from Cumberland, Maryland to Connellsville, Pennsylvania. Although the Western Maryland was abandoned in the 1980s, the right-of-way has been converted into the Great Allegheny Passage, a rail trail bicycle and hiking path.</p><br>
<p>Philips Memorial Hall is a building of West Chester University, in West Chester, Pennsylvania, United States, named after George M. Philips , originally opened in 1927. It is a contributing building in the West Chester State College Quadrangle Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. Designed by Walter F. Price, the exterior is fashioned from hammer-dressed Foxcroft Wissahickon schist, a local stone commonly used for buildings in the Collegiate Gothic style.</p><br>
<p>Thanks to the support of Emily Kessel Asplundh &#39;27 and others, preservation and renovations were completed in 1999. Special features include: the whispering archway; the distinctive gargoyles; coats of arms and figures of western civilization; the 2,000-volume Philips Autographed Library; the 1,200-seat Emily K. Asplundh Concert Hall; and the Presidential office suite.</p><br>
<p>George Morris Philips, Serpentine, 1913.jpgGeorge Morris Philips</p><br>
<p>The Orongorongo River runs for 32 km southwest through the Orongorongo Valley in the southern Rimutaka Ranges of the North Island of New Zealand. The river and its associated catchments lie within the bounds of the Rimutaka Forest Park, which is administered by the Department of Conservation.</p><br>
<p>Orongorongo River is the main artery of the Rimutaka Range, draining an area with rainfall of up to 2,400 mm a year, which is twice as much as the rainfall at the mouth of the river at Cook Strait. For much of its course the river is a braided river, with a wide bed of greywacke shingle and gravel and a number of streams of water. The gravel bed can be seen as light-coloured areas of varying width in the adjacent image.</p><br>
<p>Because the rainfall in the Rimutaka Range often comes in high-intensity rainstorms, the river is prone to violent floods. The most severe of these floods sweep away most of the river&#39;s vegetated islands every 15 to 20 years. Between these floods, the shingle islands are gradually colonised by various low growing plants, followed by a host of native shrubs such as tauhinu and manuka, and eventually small trees.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Orongorongo Valley is popular with day walkers and trampers from the Wellington Region. The most popular access is via the Catchpool Valley. The four-hour return Orongorongo Track reaches the river where Turere Stream flows into it. From there, a number of day and multi-day tracks, ranging from walking tracks to routes, continue deeper into the Rimutaka Forest Park.</p><br>
<p>Several Department of Conservation huts, some of them serviced, as well as basic private baches dot the Orongorongo Valley, mainly around the river&#39;s upper half.</p><br>
<p>The Mahabharata Range  – also called the Lesser Himalaya or the "Himachal"– is a major east-west mountain range with elevations 3,700 to 4,500 m  along the crest, paralleling the much higher Great Himalaya range from the Indus River in Pakistan across northern India, Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan but then the two ranges become increasingly difficult to differentiate east of Bhutan as the ranges approach the Brahmaputra River. The Mahabharat range also parallels the lower Shivalik or Churia Range  to the south.</p><br>
<p>Southern slopes of the Mahabharat Range are steep and nearly uninhabited due to a major fault system called the &#39;Main Boundary Thrust". The crest and northern slopes slope gently enough to support upland pastures and terraced fields. Nepal&#39;s densely populated Middle Hills begin along the crest, extending north through lower valleys and other "hills" until population thins out above 2,000 m and cereal-based agriculture increasingly gives way to seasonal herding and cold-tolerant crops such as potatoes.</p><br>
<p>Most ethnic groups found along the Mahabharat Range and northward into the Middle Hills have Tibeto-Burman affinities including Nepalese origins of Newar, Magar, Gurung, Tamang, Rai and Limbu, however the most populous ethnic group is Indo-European Hindus called Paharis, mainly of the upper Brahman, and Kshatriya, or Chhetri castes. Lower terrain south of the escarpment was historically malarial and inhabited by apparently aboriginal peoples with evolved immunity, notably the Tharu and Maithili people.</p><br>
<p>The Mahabharat Range is an important hydrographic barrier crossed by relatively few rivers. Drainage systems have evolved candelabra configurations with numerous tributaries flowing south from the Himalaya through the Middle Hills, gathering immediately north of the Mahabharat Range and cutting through in major gorges as the Karnali in the west, the Gandaki or Narayani in central Nepal, and the Kosi in the east.</p><br>
<p>With temperatures persisting around forty degrees Celsius in the plains of India from April until the onset of the summer monsoon in June, but ten to fifteen degrees cooler atop the Mahabharat Range, Hill Stations were developed as alternate capitals and resorts for the hot season by India&#39;s Mughal and British rulers. There are no hill stations per se in Nepal, Sikkim, or Bhutan since the capital cities are high enough to avoid extreme heat.</p><br>
<p>Makanrushi  is an uninhabited volcanic island located near the northern end of the Kuril Islands chain in the Sea of Okhotsk in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Its name is derived from the Ainu language.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Makanrushi is roughly rectangular, with an area of 49 km&sup2</p><br>
<p>The island consists of a dormant or extinct stratovolcano, Pik Mitaka -(влк.Митака; Japanese 三高山; Mitakayama), which rises to 1,169 m above sea level. The island has steep cliff sides and no sandy beaches, making landing very difficult and dangerous even in calm weather.</p><br>
<p>Makanrushi is 28 km away from Onekotan. Makanrushi thus lies behind the main currently-active arc of Kuril Island volcanoes.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Makanrushi appears to have never been inhabited. It appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain, a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644, and these holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715. Subsequently, claimed by the Empire of Russia, sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda, but was returned to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) along with the rest of the Kuril islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Shimushu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. After World War II, the island came under the control of the Soviet Union, and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>On 10 August 1856, the ship Alexander Coffin (381 tons), Capt. Isaiah Purrington, of New Bedford, ran aground the island during a fog. The ship was lighted and sailed jury-rigged to Ayan, where she was condemned and sold at auction for $300.</p><br>
<p>The Llotja de la Seda  is a late Valencian Gothic-style civil building in Valencia, Spain. It is a principal tourist attraction in the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built between 1482 and 1548, la Lonja is composed of three parts (plus the Orange Garden - a walled court-yard). The main hall, Sala de Contratacion (The Contract Hall) is a large lavishly decorated space supported by gorgeous twisted columns. This was the financial centre of La Lonja, where the merchants work out contracts. The side-wing is named the Pavilion of the Consulate, and this was the seat of the Tribunal del Mar - the first marine merchant tribunal to ever be formed in Spain. The first two floors were the main function rooms, with the upper one hosting a richly decorated ceiling. These rooms are still maintain original furnishings. On occasion, the Tribunal would imprison merchants for debts in the central tower of La Lonja - the third part of the structure.</p><br>
<p>Behind the current building, there was an earlier one from the 14th century, which was called the Oil Exchange (Llotja de l’Oli, in Valencian, or Lonja del Aceite, in Spanish). It was used not only for trading with agricultural oils, but for all kind of business. Where in 1348 was traded perxal (percale) as some kind of silk.</p><br>
<p>Valencia&#39;s commercial prosperity reached its peak during the 15th century, and led to the construction of a new building.</p><br>
<p>The design of the new Lonja of Valencia was derived from a similar structure in the Lonja of Palma de Majorca, built by the architect Guillem Sagrera in 1448. The architect in charge of the new Lonja was Pere Compte, who built the main body of the building – the Trading Hall (or Sala de Contractació in Valencian) – in only fifteen years (1483–1498). So is written in a blue band that runs along all four walls of the Trading Hall, also called "Hall of Columns". It proclaims in golden letters the following inscription:</p><br>
<p>According to the local Valencian scholar Joan Francesc Mira, this inscription showed that it was not a necessary to be a Protestant or a foreigner to establish the basis of a good trade; it also showed the union of ethics and economy. Other construction and decoration works lumbered on until 1548, such as the Consolat del Mar (Consulate of the Sea), a Renaissance building adjoined to La Lonja.</p><br>
<p>During subsequent centuries, La Lonja functioned as a silk exchange. The honesty of its traders is honored by the inscription that runs around the main contract hall.</p><br>
<p>The UNESCO considered it as a World Heritage Site in 1996 since "the site is of outstanding universal value as it is a wholly exceptional example of a secular building in late Gothic style, which dramatically illustrates the power and wealth of one of the great Mediterranean mercantile cities."</p><br>
<p>Shumshu , is the second-northernmost island of the Kuril Islands chain, which divides the Sea of Okhotsk from the northwest Pacific Ocean. The name of the island is derived from the Ainu language, meaning "good island". It is separated from Paramushir by the very narrow Second Kuril Strait in the northeast 2.5 km, and its northern tip is 11 km, from Cape Lopatka at the southern tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula. The island has a seasonal population of around 100 inhabitants.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Shumshu is the least elevated in the entire Kuril group with a height of 189 m. The terrain is low-lying and covered with numerous lakes and marshland. Is roughly oval, and has an area of 388 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h3>Main Features</h3><br>
<p>Ozero Utinoye (lake)</p><br>
<p>Ozero Dogovoye (lake)</p><br>
<p>Ozero Kuzminovskoye (lake)</p><br>
<p>Ozero Bol&#39;shoye (lake)</p><br>
<p>Bukhta Shumnaya (bay)</p><br>
<p>Bukhta Sakulina (bay)</p><br>
<p>Bukhta Inozemtseva (bay)</p><br>
<p>Bukhta Mayachnaya (bay)</p><br>
<p>Nakagawa-wan (bay)</p><br>
<p>Katoka-wan (bay)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Shumshu was inhabited by the Ainu, who subsisted off of the abundant fish, marine mammals and birdlife in the area, at the time of European contact. The island appears on an official map showing the territories of Matsumae Domain, a feudal domain of Edo period Japan dated 1644. Due to its proximity to the Kamchatka Peninsula, Shumshu became the first of the Kurils to be reached by Cossacks from the peninsula in the first years of the 18th century. Russian fur traders are known to have visited the island in 1711 and 1713, and it was from this base that Russian fur hunters and traders gradually expanded into other islands of the chain and Sakhalin. Although the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan officially confirmed the Matsumae Domain’s claims to the island, the island remained outside of de facto Japanese control. Also claimed by the Empire of Russia, sovereignty over the island was confirmed to be under Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855. In 1875, sovereignty over the Kuril Islands, including Shumshu, was transferred to the Empire of Japan per the Treaty of Saint Petersburg. A number of Japanese colonizing expeditions followed, establishing the settlement of Kataoka (on the site of the Ainu settlement of Mairuppo) as the commercial center of Shumshu. As the island closest to Russia, it became an important Japanese military outpost, as well as a center for the commercial fishing industry. The island was administered as part of the Shumushu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaidō. In 1910, a cannery was established, and the island’s civilian population exceeded 2,000 by the early 1940s.</p><br>
<p>Towards the end of World War II the island was strongly garrisoned by both the Imperial Japanese Army (JA) and Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN). A garrison of over 24,500 men reinforced by sixty tanks was garrisoned on Shumshu in nine locations centered around Kataoka. All coastal areas convenient for landings were covered with permanent emplacements and bunkers, interconnected with underground passages and trenches. All the warehouses, power station and hospitals were up to 50 meters underground. These defenses were manned by the IJA 91st Infantry Division, with the IJA 73rd Infantry Brigade. Miyoshino Airfield was a joint Japanese Army-Navy airfield, located near the center of the Shumshu island. This airfield based several aviation units operating including IJN Nakajima B5N2 (Allied reporting name "Kate") and Mitsubishi G3M ("Nell") and IJA Nakajima Ki-44 ("Tojo") and Nakajima Ki-43 ("Oscar") aircraft. Kataoka Naval Base was under the IJN 5th Fleet and had three 60&#39; oil storage tanks and other barracks and supply buildings. The base also had a seaplane facility on the harbor, as well as a 4000-foot and a 5000-foot land runways at neighboring Imaizaki Airfield. These facilities were subject to sporadic air raids from the United States Army Air Forces and United States Navy based in the Aleutian Islands from 1943 until the end of the war in August 1945.</p><br>
<p>During the Invasion of the Kuril Islands, Soviet forces landed on Shumshu on August 18, 1945, and combat operations continued through August 23, ending with the surrender of the surviving members of the Japanese garrison. The Battle of Shumshu was one of the last battles of World War II. The Soviets forcibly deported the remaining Japanese civilian inhabitants and sent the prisoners of war, including most male civilians to labor camps. The Soviets renamed Kataoka Baikovo (Байково), and the Soviet Union annexed the island in 1946, including it in the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. Japan formally gave up sovereignty over the island under the terms of the San Francisco Peace Treaty of 1951.</p><br>
<p>The island remained a part of Russia after the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union and is now administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation.</p><br>
<p>Piddington Roman Villa is the remains of a large Roman villa at Piddington, Northamptonshire, about 6 mi south-east of Northampton.</p><br>
<h2>Location and directions</h2><br>
<p>The villa is on the site of an earlier late Iron Age settlement. The museum is housed in an old de-consecrated Wesleyan chapel, built in 1851, located in Chapel End on the north-eastern edge of the village The chapel is marked by a small cross, +, on Ordnance Survey "Explorer" map 207 of "Newport Pagnell and Northampton South with Towcester and Olney". If travelling by car, park at the village hall in Hackleton: follow signs for the pocket park on the west side of the main road, the B526. Then follow the footpath to Piddington for about 750 yards, bearing left at the footpath junction and past some allotments. At present, the museum is only open on Sunday afternoons from 2-5 pm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Iron Age</h3><br>
<p>Excavation by the Upper Nene Archaeological Society since 1979 provides evidence that the area close to Piddington has been occupied for ca.10,000 years. Neolithic, ca.3500–1500 BC, and Bronze Age people, ca.1500–600 BC,</p><br>
<p>left behind flint tools and arrowheads which they used for hunting. No houses survived however. A late Iron Age settlement originated around the middle of the 1st century BC where people lived in round houses inside an enclosure with an outer ditch for protection. They were skilled at pottery and making bronze objects and traded with continental Europe. After the Roman invasion of Britain in 43 AD, there was a military presence here and the Roman villa followed later that century, first made of wood, then stone, developing into a great house over the next 250 years.</p><br>
<h3>Roman</h3><br>
<p>The site was occupied from about 50 BC, with circular buildings followed by a proto-villa of ca.70 AD and then a sequence of rectangular stone-built structures, culminating in a simple cottage type villa. From the 2nd century this became an increasingly large winged-corridor-type villa with courtyard (indeed, a 2nd-century well on the site is probably the largest stone-lined well in Roman Britain and has produced a wealth of environmental and other evidence). It also had two bath-houses, possibly one used by the estate workers and one, smaller one for the villa owners at one end of the main range of villa buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Roman owners</h3><br>
<p>The names of two probable 2nd century AD owners had their names stamped on some of the villa tiles. They were Tiberivs Clavdivs Vervs (Tiberius Claudius Verus) and Tiberiv Clavdivs Severvs (Tiberius Claudius Severus). Their names suggest they were Roman citizens but most likely to have been native Britons. The villa was at its largest and grandest at this time. This is clear from objects found on the villa site which came from all over the Roman Empire. Today, Piddington may be a backwater, but at the time it was part of a thriving economy with wide-ranging trading partners.</p><br>
<h3>Post-Roman</h3><br>
<p>At the end of the 3rd century, earlier than most other Romano-British villas, it apparently became abruptly unoccupied and much of it was deliberately dismantled, with "squatter"-type family-unit occupation taking over from the beginning of the 4th century until at least until its end. There is also evidence for early Anglo Saxon activity, including at least three burials and a possible dwelling. The church, probably of Anglo-Saxon origin is, not surprisingly, close to the villa site.</p><br>
<h2>Excavation</h2><br>
<p>The site was rediscovered by workmen digging for limestone in 1781. A complete mosaic was unearthed, but people from Northampton came and took it away as "souvenirs". Trial excavation started in 1959. Since then excavation on the site has been conducted by the Upper Nene Archaeological Society, part-time, since 1979. It is a long-term rescue excavation, since parts of the site are close to the surface and thus plough damaged. Currently this has been minimised with the local farmer&#39;s kind co-operation. Excavation is carried out on Sundays throughout the year, a week at Easter, three weeks in August and a further week in September.</p><br>
<h2>Site museum</h2><br>
<p>On 4 September 2004, Tony Robinson, of Channel 4&#39;s Time Team officially opened Piddington Villa Museum. The Upper Nene Archaeological Society, known as "UNAS", originally bought the redundant, and de-consecrated, Wesleyan Chapel in 1992. The intervening period involved restoration, conversion and fund raising. This work was finally rewarded with a substantial grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The museum now displays some of the many finds made during the long-running excavation of the Piddington Villa over 25 years, and still on-going. Apart from the displays, the building houses stores for the many found objects. There are also displays of how it may have been to be alive in Roman Britain. It also has a library and study room.</p><br>
<p>The museum is popular with local history study groups and local schools learning about early British history. Apart from significant archaeological material it houses displays interpreting 500 years of life at the settlement, including: a detailed model of the villa, as in the later 2nd century; a full-sized mannequin of a possible owner of the villa called Tiberius Claudius Severus, with an audio presentation; a full-scale reconstruction of sections of a typical roof and hypocaust, the Roman heating system.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the museum and excavations won the Council for British Archaeology&#39;s "Mick Aston Award" for the best presentation of an archaeological project or theme to the public.</p><br>
<p>The villa and museum have a friends’ organisation, with directors Liz and Roy Friendship-Taylor, who have played a large part in the investigation of this significant site.</p><br>
<p>Ashuelot Pond is a 368 acre water body located in Sullivan County in western New Hampshire, United States, in the town of Washington. It is situated along the upper reaches of the Ashuelot River, a tributary of the Connecticut River.</p><br>
<p>The pond is good for boating, fishing, and wildlife watching. Personal water craft with a capacity of two passengers or less are prohibited by the state of New Hampshire. The pond mostly has a muddy bottom.</p><br>
<p>The lake is classified as a warmwater fishery, with observed species including smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, chain pickerel, yellow perch, pumpkinseed, horned pout, and American eel.</p><br>
<p>Pond associations include the Ashuelot Pond Association and the LAE Association.</p><br>
<p>The Society Islands  includes a group of islands in the South Pacific Ocean. It is, politically and legally, part of French Polynesia. The archipelago is believed to have been named by Captain James Cook during his first voyage in 1769, supposedly in honour of the Royal Society, the sponsor of the first British scientific survey of the islands; however, Cook, himself, stated in his journal that he called the islands Society "as they lay contiguous to one another."</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The islands are divided, both geographically and administratively, into two groups:</p><br>
<p>Windward Islands (Îles du Vent) (listed from east to west)</p><br>
<p>Mehetia</p><br>
<p>Tahiti</p><br>
<p>Tetiaroa</p><br>
<p>Moorea</p><br>
<p>Maiao</p><br>
<p>Leeward Islands (Îles Sous-le-Vent)</p><br>
<p>Huahine</p><br>
<p>Raiatea</p><br>
<p>Tahaa</p><br>
<p>Bora Bora</p><br>
<p>Tupai</p><br>
<p>Maupiti</p><br>
<p>Mopelia</p><br>
<p>Motu One (Bellinghausen)</p><br>
<p>Manuae</p><br>
<p>The islands became a French protectorate in 1843 and a colony in 1880. They have a population of 235,295 inhabitants. They cover a land area of 1,590 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The islanders explain their origins in term of a myth. The feathered god Taaroa lay in his shell. He called out but no-one answered, so he went back into his shell, where he stayed for aeons. When he came out he changed his body into the multi-layered dome of the sky. Other parts of his body he transformed into Papa-fenua, the earth. Other parts he made into Te Tuma, the ata, or shadow of his phallus. Taaroa said, "Cast your eyes on my phallus. Gaze upon it and insert it in the earth." He came down to earth at "Opoa in Havaii" (now Raiatea), one of the most sacred places in the Society Islands. Other gods were created, and these ran directly into the time of the people. The high chiefs or ari&#39;i rahi were descendants from the gods, reckoned to be forty generation previously. In their presence commoners showed respect by stripping to the waist. The high chiefs erected marae as places of worship.</p><br>
<p>In the generations before Europeans arrived, a cult called Oro-maro-ura developed: the cult of the red-feathered girdle. This became a tangible symbol of the chiefs power. Key followers of the Oro cult were the arioi, who lived separately from the common people. They wore scented flowers and adorned themselves with scents and scarlet-dyed cloth. The head of each arioi group was heavily tattooed from ankle to thigh and known as a blackleg. Both male and female blacklegs were a privileged group but they were forbidden to have children. Their babies were all killed at birth. They received and gave lavish presents. They had a wide range of artistic skills and could be priests, navigators and lore specialists. Only good-looking men or women could become &#39;arioi. They played a crucial role in ceremonies associated with birth, deaths and marriage.</p><br>
<p>The first European explorers arrived in 1722. Jacob Roggeveens Dutch West Indian Expedition was shipwrecked on Takapoto. Survivors managed to row to another small island and islanders were killed with muskets. In 1765 John Byrons two British ships, including HMS Dolphin, briefly visited the area. In 1767 HMS Dolphin returned, now under Captain Samuel Wallis. The captain and crew were quite sick with scurvy on arrival and were keen to obtain fresh food. The islanders who had learnt about iron 45 years earlier were delighted at the abundance of iron on the ship and tried to board the ship. After several contacts, when natives attempted to take iron fittings Wallis was forced to shoot cannon to regain control.</p><br>
<p>Europeans quickly found that the islanders were desperate to obtain iron. The sailors found that young women and girls were eager to exchange sex for a nail, which was used for woodworking and as fish-hooks. Traditionally young women had offered themselves to ancestor gods in the form of chiefs or other high status individuals. Some rituals involved chiefs having sex with virgins in public view, and this was offered to some European captains and officers, who declined.</p><br>
<p>Louis de Bougainville, a French nobleman, sailor and soldier, led an expedition to the Society Islands in 1766. He arrived with a crew stricken with scurvy. Despite the crew being twice as big as the Dolphin′s, the islanders had sufficient food to trade their surplus for axes, knives and other iron goods.</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Each of the Society Islands has a small airport. Faaā International Airport is located in Tahiti, and is the largest airport in the Society Islands.</p><br>
<p>The Indian King Tavern  was a colonial American tavern in Haddonfield, Camden County, New Jersey, United States, which was the site of a 1777 meeting of the New Jersey General Assembly that officially ratified the Declaration of Independence and adopted its Great Seal. It was the first State Historic Site, adopted as such in 1903. Its original structure remains largely intact. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. </p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1745, Mathias Aspden, a Quaker merchant and ship owner purchased property in the center of the village of Haddonfield, cleared the poorly constructed brewery buildings and began constructing the largest tavern on the village&#39;s main road, Kings Highway. The structure was completed in 1750.</p><br>
<p>Taverns such as Aspdens were centers of commercial and social life, and in the increasing tensions between the British Empire, represented by Loyalists, and the Patriots, forums for heated debate that put the lives of both those arguing and the owners of such places in jeopardy. As tensions piqued because of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1775, the taverns owner, Mathias Aspden, Jr., had gone to England for his education and returned a staunch Loyalist. He sold his tavern to Thomas Redman, who ran the village apothecary shop. Aspden, Jr. sailed for England for good as the Second Continental Congress was convening in Philadelphia in 1776. He was tried and convicted of treason in absentia; his properties in southwestern New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania were seized and sold, with the profits going into the Continental Treasury.</p><br>
<p>In 1776, New Jersey saw such towns as Princeton and Trenton devastated by marching armies from both sides during the American Revolution. Haddonfield residents gathered frequently at the tavern; Redman, who was also the clerk for the local Friends Meeting, was required to read publicly documents that included the sect&#39;s pacifist refusal to become combatants. Because of this, in January 1777 Redman was arrested and charged with sedition by an officer of the Continental Army, and jailed in Woodbury, the county seat at that time. Redman was released and fined on March 18 of that same year. He returned to his tavern in Haddonfield to find that the state had used his tavern that same day to create a Council of Safety, whose mission it was to try, convict and incarcerate deserters, Loyalists and other enemies of the Revolution. The cellar of the tavern is thought to have been used by this Council to hold the overflow from the guard house across the street</p><br>
<p>Less than two months later, Redman sold his tavern to Hugh Creighton, who already owned a tavern a few blocks away near Potter Street. Creighton&#39;s old tavern was named the "Indian King" Tavern by its original owner, Sarah Norris, in deference to Lenape Native Americans who had cared for the newly immigrated and poorly equipped European settlers; it was subsequently taken over by Mary French, a widow who later married Creighton. Hugh Creighton then transferred the name of the tavern to his newly acquired tavern on Kings Highway.</p><br>
<p>The tavern was alternately occupied by British, Hessians and Continental troops as the revolution ravaged parts of the state. Patriot generals "Mad" Anthony Wayne, the Marquis de Lafayette and the Polish Count Casimir Pulaski all marched along Kings Highway, and the Indian King Tavern, being the largest and most prominent at the time, would have been used by these men for meetings, lodging and recreation. Today, the remains of British and Hessian soldiers who died in Haddonfield remain buried in unmarked graves at the north corner of the cemetery at the Society of Friends&#39; meeting house nearby.</p><br>
<p>Several local legends about the Indian King Tavern have now been dispelled. When tours were given in the 1960s and 1970s it was said that Dolley Madison frequented the Indian King Tavern attending dances there. Another legend is that the tunnels from the Indian King Tavern under King&#39;s Highway were once part of the Underground Railroad.</p><br>
<h3>Early statehood</h3><br>
<p>On July 2, 1776, the New Jersey government declared itself free and independent via the New Jersey Constitution of 1776. In 1777, the New Jersey Assembly met on the spacious second floor meeting room of the Indian King Tavern because the states capital, Trenton, was overrun by fighting troops. The Council and General Assembly of the colony formally read into the meeting minutes the Declaration of Independence created across the Delaware River in Philadelphia in the previous year and enacted the law that formally accepted its terms. They remained there for some time, conducting the new states affairs.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In 1903, the state acquired the Indian King Tavern structure, due to its history with the state legislature, removed recent additions, and restored the original layout of two-and-a-half stories. The Indian King Tavern Museum was the first New Jersey Historic Site, and is now administered by the Division of Parks and Forestry of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection. Tours are provided free for the first and second floors, but not the cellar, which remains a topic of mystery as to its unusual layout and passageways. While the essential parts of the original structure remain, its interior accessories were created by reproduction craftsmen because of budgetary requirements.</p><br>
